Archipedia

Tunnel-Shape Market Hall

2009-11-21T16:05:00.000-08:00

Rotterdam’s new Market Hall creates a 100,000 sq meter public market space covered in an arch of ten floors of 228 apartments. Of those apartments, the majority will be for purchase, but 102 of them will be available as rental properties. The bottom two floors will house restaurants and shopping, while underground, there will be a supermarket as well as a parking garage with 1,200 spaces. The archway will be protected from the elements on the front and back by flexible suspended glass facades.

The design for the Market Hall is a result of new laws from the Netherlands that require public markets to be covered, and also that certain rooms for a residential dwelling must have natural daylight. Each apartment is situated so that rooms and living spaces are situated on the exterior of the archway with views out to the city, while the kitchen, dining and storage is on the interior, with lots of insulation to block the noise from the bustling market below. One hundred stalls will be available for the sale of fresh foods daily and the interior surface of the archway will feature changing pictures projected from LCD screens.

It’s so exciting to see a great mixed-use project like this actually get started and will be even more exciting to see the end result. Hopefully there are a few of these apartments available for vacation rentals and we can stay there when we visit Rotterdam.

Making an O-gui (tortoise) pond.

2009-10-24T21:12:00.000-07:00

When a standard aquarium can no longer sustain the growth of my 3 pet tortoises, making a bigger habitat for them is necessary. With 4 years experiences in architecture study and 5.5 months of work practice in local award-winning architecture firm, I gained enough courage to design and build a habitat for these 3 living creatures. I gathered a team of 3 to carry out this project, Han – a civil engineering student, Wei – an international economics fresh graduates, and me – the archi student.

The Brief and Site

Though this project is small, it was never easy even during the design stage. Firstly, an in-depth study into the ‘client’ is important especially when the ‘client’ can’t explain what it needs. From daily observation and some wiki-research, the conclusion for the project brief is like this:

1.) A favourable swimming area approximately 1 metre in width and 1 metre in length, with about 1 foot depth.

2.) Adequate dry area for sun-bathing activities.

Making a pond at the garden will be a disaster if it looks ugly. Failure in the design of the pond would make my parents question their investment on my studies, and would tarnish my pride as an architecture student. And so, I started carefully with a site analysis identifying the site which is only exposed to direct sun-light in the morning (7.30am to 10.00am) to avoid over-heating from tropical climate. Besides, the site would become a focus point for visitors. The pond will become a sculptural element that welcomes the arrival of guests.

Texture and Colour

In order to make the pond shine out in the surrounding vegetation yet give a sense of belonging to the surrounding nature, rough and stone-like texture was the decision. In addition to this point, the brownish grey colour of the pond is in contrast to the green surrounding making it hard to ignore. A layer of aggregates lying on the ground crafting the changes in texture is to bridge the raised pond to the soft turf.

The form and its philosophy

Like many functionists’ design, the pond was started with a rectangular block where the simplest and experimented building techniques are applicable. However, such simplicity renders the new generation of engineering students jobless. I proposed to create a post-modern architectural sculpture emphasizing on inconsistency, irregularity, and most importantly celebrating individuality and deconstructivist for the pond. Part of the pond is elevated for the purpose of experimenting pre-cast slab and the controlled ‘ruin’ in structure. Han, the engineer-student proposed 3 column points and using ‘bbq net’ for the reinforcement, less aggregates in the thin slab (50mm) to achieve the ‘ruin’. The result proved that his calculation was perfect.

Conclusion

From this project – making an O-gui pond, I realized that architecture is about making artwork for one’s pleasure. It is not necessary a discourse for grand narrative like many modern buildings, but it is necessary for architecture to be a story – narrating the man, site and structure.

Architecture Students don really appreciate their uni life!

2009-08-10T13:08:00.000-07:00

If you are architecture students you've probably experienced:
-the taste of wood glue
-changes in your vocabulary: homework to project, ball to sphere, etc
-you don't understand how somebody can spend less than $20 at the supplies store
-you hate people telling you "go to sleep" or "do you still have a lot of work?"
-your friends and you don't have the same concept of work "oh, well do it right before class"
-you've slept more than 20 straight hours on weekends
-you can easily discuss with authority the effects of caffeine on different drinks
-no matter the effort you put in a project, somebody will always say “why don’t you add this�? or “why don’t you change this here�? or “i think that…but…yeah, its ok�?
-you’ve heard all your ipod songs in a week
-you aren’t seen in public without bags under your eyes
-whenever you get invited somewhere, it is followed by “or do you have a lot of homework?�?
-you’ll dance ymca with a choreography without a drop of alcohol in your system
-you write down a quick message with rapidographs, lead holders, markers and ink
-you constantly make up excuses for courses that are not design related why you didn’t do your work
-you have more pictures of landscapes and places than of people
-your worst nightmare consists of not finishing a project
-someone once called you “lazy�? and you wanted them murdered
-you can live without human contact, sunlight, food, but if your plotter’s ink runs out… chaos!!!
-when somebody lends you a Bic pen you look down at it
-you don’t care about sports cars, your favorite car is the one where you can put in your model and your huge computer
-you design spectacular things without the idea of the cost
-you have the modern mark: a blister in your palm’s hand for the constant use of your mouse
-everybody tells you how they admire your work, “but there is no money for it�?
-you’ve gained the ability to sleep in whatever surface: pencils, keyboards, backpacks, your studio mates, food, etc
-you always have the idea that your project will always be recognized
-when you finally have free time to go out you keep thinking “who was the idiot that designed the restaurant’s bathroom?�? “who designed this menu?�? or “who designed this [chair, table, lighting, fork, etc]�?
-you've been at many sunrises, yet you've never seen one
-you need to read all this in a facebook group to realize how weird your life is

Branko Stankovic & Jason McGee posted this... I thought it was awesome!

top 10 reasons why to date an architect

1. all night long, all night strong.
2. we are damn good with our hands.
3. if we can commit to chipboard, relationships should be easy.
4. you should see the things we errect.
5. use to doing things over and over again.
6. finishing early never happenes.
7. we know the true meaning of interpretation
8. creative positioning.
9. work well in groups
10. entry and passage are always exciting.

The Past In the Present

2009-06-19T06:55:00.000-07:00

Part 1

Modernism or known as international style after 1940s, contributes to the death of

identities, history and social lifestyle of a nation in architecture. Modern houses look similar

from all over the world, thus the culture and identities of different regions and nations are

hardly to be seen in modern buildings.

On the other hand, traditional architecture is speaking for one nation about its culture,

climate, and social lifestyle. For instance, pitch roofs tell about tropical climate and courtyard

let know the social lifestyle. Traditional means the norms we been practicing in a long time. It is

the style of living been passing from one generation to another. In short, it is the root of us.

In addition, poetic in space is lacking in modernism because the structures, spaces and

form have no relation to our root. It is just like something imported from Europe that is totally

no connection to our national identities, history and lifestyle and therefore modern

architecture does not touches ones heart. However, traditional architecture would have the

trail of culture, history and identities of a nation that modern architecture does not have.

Unlike the modern houses, the traditional courtyard house integrated with “Feng Shui”

elements makes the place full of stories and that is the poetic in space.

Modernism style emphasizes on clean lines and simple forms that create a new kind of

aesthetic which is not responding to the local climate. Thus, the building will need active system

to achieve comfort. For example, as tropical climate has high density of rain water, flat roof in

modernism does not keep away rain water causes big issue of water leaking into the building. In

another word, it cost more to sustain a modern building compare to sustaining a traditional

building.

However, there are several strengths in modern architecture that can be learned and

integrated into traditional architecture to extend its limitation. For instance the technologies in

modernism allow larger scale buildings, and shorter period for construction. Therefore, we

should allow modernism to integrate into traditional architecture and lets traditional

architecture keep evolving to conserve the nation’s identities, history and social lifestyle.

Part II

The identity of traditional architecture in Malaysia is the responsive to climate features.

For example, cross ventilation to remove heat and high pitch roof to drain rainwater quicker. In

addition, another identity of traditional architecture is the local materials like timber, brick and

concrete. However, presently modern materials such as steel and glass are to be seen

elsewhere.

1.0 Reinvigorating Tradition

Reinvigorating tradition is defined as injecting new life and meaning in to traditional

architecture. Take the example of The Aryani Resort at Terengganu, designed by Senibahri

Arkitek, of injecting new life to traditional architecture.

The concept of Aryani Resort is to create a traditional Malay Kampong environment for

tourist to have the chance for celebrating the traditional architecture and knowing our national

identities, history and social lifestyle. The resort is likely a traditional kampong but different

events in it. This is to be said as turning a village layout into commercial purposes (tourism).

The essence of Malay Kampong layout can be seen in the central courtyard which

resembles the community space in a Malay Kampong layout. This courtyard is the core of the

resort where facility like swimming pool. That becomes the spot of gathering of this community

especially where this is the place for events such as traditional performances and recreational

activities.

(Figure 1 The central courtyard, Architecture Malaysia “Hotels & Resorts” 2006)

Aryani Resort comprises 20 rooms with 4 types villas to enhance the ambience of

traditional Malay Kampong. These villas are designed based on traditional style of Malay House

not only for the exterior look but also for the interior spaces for instance double volume space

for the ventilation purposes is the essence of traditional Malay houses.

(Figure 2 Exterior look of the Villa, Architecture Malaysia “Hotels & Resorts” 2006)

In conclusion, the architect breathes life into traditional architecture by adding new

meaning to it. Like Aryani Resort, put tourism, the new meaning into a traditional village.

2.0 Reinventing Tradition

Reinventing Tradition means to use a new language or style to present the essence of

traditional architecture. Dr Ken Yeang’s Roof‐roof house gives an example on reinventing

tradition.

Roof roof house by Dr Ken Yeang presents the essence of Tradition that is responding to

local climate in the form of modern style. This approach can be seen in the layout planning

where its north‐south orientation protects the major space such as living area from the tropical

sun. Besides, the configuration of the space allow for the prevailing Southeast to Northwest

wind passing through and cool down the interior spaces.

(Figure 3 Section of Roof‐roof House explaining the responding climate features,

Kenneth Yeang 1984)

(Figure 4 Roof‐roof house prevailing winds diagram explains cross ventilation approach in

design, Kenneth Yeang 1984)

In another words, Roof‐roof house has the essence of a traditional architecture in a

modern building. The essence is the passive climatic features such as the cross ventilation and

configuration of spaces to avoid heating by the sun.

3.0 Extending Tradition

Extending Tradition is modifying traditional architecture to create additional meaning to

it. Kok’s Bungalow by GDP architects is an example of extending tradition.

The concept of blurred boundaries between indoor and outdoor is extended from

traditional Malay house can be seen in Kok’s Bungalow. The inner courtyard is adding blur to

the feeling of indoor and outdoor. 3

(Figure 5 Kok’s Bungalow‐the wide opening and inner courtyard, Architecture Malaysia

“PAM Award” 2006)

Deriving from traditional Malay houses, wide openings are to be seen in Kok’s Bungalow.

The folding glass wall allows for full ventilation to respond local climate. This is an obvious

evidence of extending the ventilation system in traditional Malay houses.

The courtyard is clearly the modifying of traditional Chinese courtyard house. There is a

small pond in the middle of the courtyard is functioning as an cooling agent to the house. The

courtyard brought in the sun light and rain water. More than that, it brings life to the plants

inside the courtyard.

In conclusion, Kok’s Bungalow has modified traditional architecture to suit into the

contemporary living while maintain the essence of it.

4.0 Reinterpreting Tradition

Reinterpreting Tradition means the integration of traditional elements into

contemporary style. Wooi’s Architect shows an example of reinterpreting tradition through the

selection of materials in Wooi’s Residence at Shah Alam.

Wooi’s Architect selected the 3 main traditional materials like brick, timber and

concrete added with modern glasses to extend tradition. The integration of brick piers and

diagonal timber struts that looks familiar is forming the sense of tradition to the house. Besides,

these diagonal timber struts supporting the cantilevered protruding first floor.

(Figure 6 Front View of Wooi’s Residence, Architecture Malaysia “Architects’ Homes” 2006)

The skins of Wooi’s Residence keep reminding the presence of traditional in the house.

For instance, the un‐plastered brick wall, timber ceiling with the exposing rafter seems like

talking the story of our tradition. Although Wooi’s Residence has the contemporary layout, its

skins still

(Left Figure 7 Bricks finishes at the entertainment area. Architecture Malaysia “Hotels & Resorts”

2006)

(Right Figure 8 Timber Ceiling with Roof Rafter exposing, Architecture Malaysia “Hotels &

Resorts” 2006)

In conclusion, Wooi’s Architect is integrating traditional materials into contemporary

building. The integration of traditional and contemporary tell stories of traditions for the next

generations.

(Figure 9 Traditional Materials in Contemporary Building,

Architecture Malaysia “Hotels & Resorts” 2006)

Reference List

AM, Architecture Malaysia “ Architects’ Homes”. 2006 p.27‐29

AM, Architecture Malaysia “Hotels & Resorts”. 2006 p. 48‐49

AM, Architecture Malaysia “PAM Award” 2006 p.21‐23

“Roof‐roof House” 2006. Retrieved on 8 April 2007, at http://archnet.org.

Urban Kampong

2009-06-19T06:53:00.000-07:00

1.0 Introduction

This report presents the study of traditional Malay Kampong and a case study of

present Malay Kampong. The following gives an introduction to general purpose of study.

As well as an overall preview of this report.

1.1 General Purpose of Study

This report aims to study the spirit of a traditional Malay Kampung and how it is

being related to the present Malay Kampung.

The goal of this study is to understand the needs of the present Malay Kampung

which we did a site visit on which is Kampung Banghuris at Sepang, Selangor and later

on, from the results we analyzed from the case study, form suitable proposals which will

be able to bring back the essence of a traditional Malay Kampung into the present time

Malay Kampung and at the same time enhancing it.

1.2 Preview of Report

This report will first explain the essence of a traditional Malay Kampong in terms

of how a traditional Malay Kampong sustains itself and how the community co-exists

with each other.

A site visit has been conducted at Kampung Banghuris whereby we studied its

history and background of formation. Next, we analyze and compare the present Malay

Kampung to a traditional Malay Kampung in terms of identity, layout and planning,

livelihood of its inhabitants, industries that existed, architecture as well as the cultural

and social scene. Besides that, we also researched the needs of the villagers and the

problems they faced by interviewing the villagers themselves. A first-hand experience is

also needed in order to get a better understanding and an outsider’s stance on the village

conditions.

Last but not least, we provide proposals which we believe could enhance the spirit

of the Malay Kampung, fulfill the needs of villagers, help them conquer the problems

they are having in the present Malay Kampung and further enhance the condition of the

kampong.

2.0 Research Analysis

From research done regarding the traditional kampong, we found out that the

traditional Malay Kampung is a self sustainable community. Besides that, Malay villages

are made up of close-knit communities where the community spirit is very strong. The

following are the analysis which we had done from our research on how a traditional

Malay kampung is in general terms.

2.1 Self Sustainable Community

The traditional Malay kampung is a self-sustainable community. They were able

to survive without the need for cosmopolitan delights. The main reason behind it would

be the character of the community that resides in them. The first example of it would be

the economic activities done. A traditional Malay village depends either on agriculture,

plantations or fishing. The economic activities depends a lot on the geographical

condition of the village. Usually, Malay kampung are usually situated near rivers which

is the main source of irrigation and drinking water. A kampung located near the river

mouth or the sea will focus more on fishing while agriculture becomes a secondary

source of food. It goes the other way if the kampong is located in the inlands. However,

so longs as the kampong is close to any water sources, even inland villages may also have

fishing as a main source of income.

The main activity in an agriculture-driven kampong is growing padi (Rice). In

addition, vegetable and fruit growing is also another source of food for the needs of

villagers; of course this has to depend on the geographical condition of the area. In a

traditional Malay Kampung, villagers worked together in the Padi fields instead of

working alone. This ensures that each farmer can take care of everyone’s fields from

pests and this understated belief between everyone decreases the possibilities of bad crop

harvests. Besides that, rearing poultry is another activity which would supplement the

villagers needs especially when it comes to main protein source. Chickens provide meat

and eggs which the villagers can use for their own domestic purposes or even sell or trade

them for other goods.

Malay kampung that focuses on fishing activities can be found on coastal areas.

Most male villagers in these areas are fishermen. In the early mornings, they would go

out to sea in groups where they will look for suitable areas to fish. Women staying on

ground would be involved in other activities that benefit the family such as raring animals

such as cow, chicken, goat and etc as a supplement to food sources. Besides that, they

also grow crops during the monsoon season when they are unable going out to sea.

The crops and fish are mainly for the domestic uses. However, extra food

produced might be trade with the neighboring areas. In short, a traditional Malay

Kampong supports itself quite successfully.

2.2 Close-knit Community

Close-knit community is the best keyword to describe a traditional Malay

Kampong. The community spirit is very strong in a traditional Malay Kampong as

villagers know their neighbors very well. They live as a community that would look after

each other’s wellbeing.

Due to the closeness of villagers, traditional Malay Kampong have less concern

reagrding security because everyone knows each other. This ability to look after and trust

each other made it possible to open up their homes to everyone, eliminating the need for

fences which cuts of contact whatsoever.

In the daytime, villagers would work together in the fields or plantations or in

some cases, fishing or rearing animals. Those who have spare time may visit each other

just to have conversations or even play traditional games such as ‘congkak’ which is a

traditional board game. The children who came back from school may play together, be it

singing or dancing. All this could not have happened had it not been for the fact that the

community is a cohesive one.

In short, Malay villagers work and play as a community. Therefore, community

spaces are definitely not a lacking element. This can be seen in the traditional Malay

Kampong Layout which will be discussed in the following section.

2.3 Layout of Traditional Malay Kampong

A traditional Malay Kampong is formed by small communities clustering around

the center of the kampong. Community spaces are very important in a traditional Malay

kampong because Malay kampong is a close-knit community.

2.3.1 The Small Community Forms the kampong

Malay Houses in a Traditional Malay Kampong are clustered around the center of

the kampong. There are usually several houses forming a small community. These small

communities are one of the components of a traditional Malay Kampong. Members of the

small community will look after each other and work together. For instance, Figure 1

indicates the community working together to repair fishing nets.

(Figure 1: Community working together to repair fishing nets. Lim. 1987 )

2.3.2 The Community Spaces

Community spaces are very important for a Traditional Malay Kampong. The community

spaces for a small community can be seen in a typical Malay house. A typical Malay

House will have the selang and anjung which are the gathering places of a small

community. Selang is situated at the rear portion of a house which is an area dominated

by the female while Anjung at the front is dominated by the male. Females in a small

community usually gather at the Selang for much needed gossips and chit-chat. While on

the other hand, the male folks would discuss male-related issues in the Anjung. Figure 2

shows the design layout of a typical traditional Malay House.

(Figure 2: Typical Traditional Malay House Layout)

The community space for bigger community, the kampong itself is conveniently

situated at the center of the kampong where or sometimes deemed the heart of the

kampong. There are community facilities such as Surau, place for praying, schools, and

the Balai (office) attached to penghulu’s (leader of the Kampong) residence. Usually,

there are large open compounds among these community facilities. These compounds are

used for the purpose of gathering and for special events like dancing during a festive. In

other words, the heart of kampong is the meeting point of the small communities that

surrounds it. Some kampong may also have a small market at the heart of Kampong for

the need of villagers. This is where the women would come to sell the produce cultivated

for extra income.

(Figure 3: Selling vegetables and fruits in the market)

3.0 Case Study

Much has been studied about Kampung Banghuris which is the village we

conducted our study on. The following are the results of our case study which includes

Access, Identity, Layout and Planning, Livelihood, Tourism, Industry, Architecture as

well as the Cultural and Social scene.

3.1 Access

We have found out that there is no clear entrance to the kampung. The signs are

misleading and insignificant. On the day of our site visit, we used up a lot of time

searching for the entrance despite being given instructions to the village. It was later on

that we had to contact the leader of the village (Ketua Kampung) to guide us to our

destination.

We also found out that the roads are not wide enough to accommodate long and

large vehicles. Busses especially those that carry tourists have a difficult time especially

in sharp turns. In some bends, bus drivers have to be careful not to drive into the drains

beside the road. There is no gateway to show a clear entrance to the village.

We felt that a gateway should be placed directly over the road that leads into the

village. A gateway is important to show the identity of the villagers who lived there. It

can also be a welcoming feature for visitors, thus enhancing the journey before entering

the village.

3.2 Identity

Once assigned to our respective hosts of the day, we were introduced to the

immediate family as well as the relatives who happen to live in the same area as well.

What we found out was most of the villagers are descendents of Javanese people who

came to the area a long time ago. There are also mixtures of other Malay races with their

own distinct identity. When communicating with one another, they prefer to use their

Javanese dialect and when they communicate with visitors they switched back to English

or Malay which shows their versatility in terms of language usage.

3.3 Layout and Planning

The layout of the kampong is rather spread-out. Families with blood-ties usually

lived in one area where they can help each other out. Usually, a plot of land is inhabited

by three to four families. In the heart of the kampung lies the Balai (Community Centre),

the community field and the Surau (Prayer Hall). This is where the village folks would

gather for activities such as welcoming the visitors or for performances and discussions

regarding the welfare of the kampung. Industries are also spread out along the outskirts of

the village close to the raw sources needed for their industry.

(Figure 4: Balai-Community Centre where community folks gather)

3.4 Livelihood

The villagers of Kampung Banghuris used work in the oil palm plantations, coffee

plantations and smaller scale farming. Since the late 90’s, villagers are switching to a

more commercialized livelihood. The introduction of light industries especially in the

food processing department had enhanced the profitability of the raw sources available in

the kampung. Besides that, the introduction of the Homestay programme had brought in

additional income to the families that are part of the programme itself. The new

generations that lived in the village that remained there usually have jobs in the

government headquarters in Putrajaya. Some are working for the administration in nearby

Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Others also have jobs in surrounding areas such as

Shah Alam, Puchong, Dengkil or Nilai. The incomes that they brought back from these

jobs have supplemented the families to live a comfortable life. As for our group, the

houses we have visited have everything that a modern family needs and wants; clean

water, electricity, entertainment appliances, satelite broadcast programmes, internet

access, wireless connections. When asked about how satisfied the villagers are with their

life there, all of them said that they were happy and contented with the current condition.

We quote a villager saying that she would prefer to live in this kampung rather than in the

city even though her brothers and sisters have homes there because she feels safe with her

families here and she already had everything she needed.

3.5 Tourism

Tourism came as a follow up to the pact which the kampung did with the

government to supplement the tourism in the area. A Homestay Programme was initiated

which encourages tourists especially those from foreign countries to experience a Malay

kampung life first-hand. The programme basically comes in packages which the visitors

would choose to their liking. Most of the visitors are encouraged to choose the whole-day

tour which gives a wider and much deeper understanding of how people lived in the

village. Included in the day-time package is lunch with the host families where visitors

try out authentic Malay cuisine, a visit to the industries in the area, oil palm plantation,

coffee plantation and Plant-A-tree campaign. The night-time package includes dinner,

cultural performances and a night time tour.

(Figure 5: Coffee Plantation)

3.6 Industry

The industries involved in the village are light industries, mostly in the food

processing business. These industries are also involved in the tourism aspect of the

village whereby visitors get to see first hand how food production is done in small scale

or in some cases medium and high-tech scales. These industries in a way, enhance the

experience visitors get, not only can they try out some of the work, they also get to

sample some of the goods. A good example would be the “ubi keledek” factory. Ubi

keledek which is the Malay word for cassava/tapioca is grown locally and then

transported to the factory where visitors can have a look at how they are washed, cut and

then sliced using low tech measures which is also efficient. The interesting part would be

the frying of the cassava. Visitors can taste as much of these processed goods as they

want and later on, if they choose to buy them, they would proceed to the market hall. The

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3.7 Architecture

The architecture in the kampung is rather basic. Despite the fact that most

villagers are descendents from Java, the architecture styles are commonly local. However,

the older houses inhabited by the oldest generations have distinct Malay flair to them.

Some house implemented the older Malay traditional beliefs like the Tiang Ibu and the

different colored clothes which protects the home owners from harm but this is a rare

case and when we asked a grandfather who used to do so, he said all he could remember

was that it was just a minor belief and now he does not believe in it anymore. The houses

built by the younger generation no longer have the true essence of a Malay house; they

are mostly modernized versions of the older houses. Timber is still the main construction

material but the roofs are now replaced by corrugated zinc profiles which are more

weather-hardy compared to the traditional clay slates or “atap roofs’”

(Figure 8: Common Malay House in Kampong Banghuris)

3.8 Cultural and Social scene

The community here is completely different from an urban setting. Most of the

village folks are closely related by blood. The culture is distinctly Malay. Although most

of the villagers are Javanese descendents, they are still able to hold on to their roots.

Since Kampung Banghuris is made up of three villages, the head of the villages still have

their position and they still retain the responsibility of caring for the welfare of their own

people. However, there is a main “Ketua Kampung” which oversees the development of

the village. He is also the one who supervises the Homestay programme.

Villagers regularly visit each other whenever possible. Since it is a relaxed environment,

everyone is free to roam the village grounds and help out with the village folks. This is a

rare find in urban areas where even neighbors do not seem to know who lived next door.

Besides that, every time after lunch or tea time, the families would gather in one area and

talk throughout the day. They will share gossips and news and discuss issues; we too

were included in the discussion of the kampung life as well as other topics which

surprisingly were mind-opening. Our experiences with the families thought us that there

is much to learn from the other person.

4.0 Conclusion

When we compare the present Malay Kampong (Kampung Banghuris) to a

traditional Malay Kampong, we found out that some significant essences of the

traditional Malay Kampong are still being maintained in a present Malay Kampong while

some have been lost. For example, the concept of small community forming the kampong

is still maintained. This can be seen where there is a common space in between three to

four families who actually forms a small community. The families would gather in this

space in the afternoons or evenings. In addition, the concept of the heart of the kampong

in a Traditional Malay Kampong is still retained in the present Malay Kampong.

Kampong Banghuris has a surau, a balai and an open-air compound which is the

community field all located within the center of the village.

On the other hand, there are some essences of a Traditional Malay Kampong that

has been changed or modified to suit the present time. One example of this phenomenon

is the change of activities and role of the kampung. Kampong Banghuris unlike any

typical traditional Malay Kampong involves itself in the tourism sector to sustain itself.

Besides tourism being the main activity, small scale industries are also defining the role

of the kampong. Several small industries involved in the food industry. Hence, tourism

became the major income of the Kampong to sustain the villagers. However, the idea of

living and working in the kampong still lingers on.

To conclude, Kampung Banghuris shows that a kampong has to evolve to be able

to sustain itself in a new era. The role of the kampong may have changed little in

different aspects but the spirit which it beholds is still the same. The community who

lives in the kampong is still a close-knit one; the essence of community living will be still

maintained, and it shall be maintained.

5.0 Proposals

Kampung Banghuris is very much tourism oriented. Therefore, it is very

important for the authority to develop Kampung Banghuris into an important landmark

and a better place to visit. There are many approaches that the authority could consider in

order to enhance the tourism spot in the village. Kampung Banghuris offered home stay

program to international and local tourist, and also involved in light industry to increase

the villagers’ income.

Therefore, authorities should reinvigorate the traditional architecture in the

planning of the kampong itself. Mixing in Malay and Javanese architecture could bring

back the old time feeling of the origin of the villagers in Kampung Banghuris. Thus, the

visitors could live in a real kampong environment.

Preserving the culture and history of the kampong is important. It helps to show

the real identity of the kampong. By preserving these cultures and histories, visitors could

understand the way Malay villagers live in the older days.

Authorities should let visitors participate in various activities and participate in

hands on activities like gardening, fishing, feeding animals and many more. By this,

visitors can feel the real working life of the villagers in a kampong.

Since there’s no clear entrance getting into Kampung Banghuris, authorities

should create a well defined entrance for the visitors. This will eventually lead visitors

into the kampong without having wrong turns and lost in that area.

Community spirit is important in a kampong. Therefore, communal spaces should

be created so that villagers and also visitors could gather at a place to share their daily life

routine with each other. The communal spaces could also be a place to do performance

and other kind of activities.

Kampung Banghuris is normally visited by Japanese and other western tourists.

Therefore, the authorities should provide more information to the visitors who visits the

kampong.

5.1 Reinvigorating of Traditional Architecture, Propose Annex-Resort

In order to enhance the village, the authority could extend and supplement the

home stay program into an interesting spot where the tourists could feel the true life and

color of Malay culture in Malaysia. The home stay program offered actually letting the

tourist to stay in the house of their host family.

From the visits, most of the houses there are not of an original Malay traditional

house. Many features of a Malay traditional house had been modified to suite with the

modern living. For example, some of the houses had covered up the ventilated roof with

ceiling to installed air-conditioned and some had break away from the traditional layout.

So, annex resorts which is attached to the host house of the family is proposed to

allow tourists to experience the true life and color of a traditional Malay culture.

Different resorts will be designed in different style of a traditional Malay house. So,

tourists can actually chose which type of Malay house they wish to live in. The main

activities will still held in the host house. They can still hanging around in the living area

with the family, using their kitchens and having dinner together with the family members.

The resorts are just the annex to enhance the home-stay program.

(Figure 9: Annexes with traditional architecture)

5.2 Preserving Culture and History, Propose Museum

After the site visit to Kampong Banghuris, we found out that many Malay cultures

are not been practiced and it slowly buried by the new way of living. Thus, the culture

must be preserved or recorded to avoid these cultures being lost.

Basically the villagers introduce the historical substance of the kampong by

bringing the visitors to the exact spot. This actually will take time to travel all the way to

each spot. It will cause inconvenient for tourists and visitors to view on a particular

historical objects at outdoor when it rains.

The museum could be built in a very traditional Malay and Javanese architecture

due to their origins and culture.

Museum proposed to function as a record the culture, identities and history of the

kampong. This place actually open to public, which acquires, conserves, researches,

communicates and exhibits for purposes of study where the exhibition and educational

interpretation can be the objects that having historical value. Other than that, museum

will also introduce the local culture and identities to tourists and visitors by preserving all

the historical substance inside to avoid the culture being lost and enable visitors to

explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment.

5.3 Participation of Hands On Activities, Proposed Gardens and Farms

Some interesting activities could be introduced to tourists who visit Kampung

Banghuris. Visitors not only experience staying with the host family, the host family also

could offer more hands on activities for the visitors. Visitors could actually to plant their

own vegetables, fruits, flowers, or even collect chicken eggs or feed animals with the host

family. Community garden, poultry farm, fruit garden, vegetable garden, or animal farm

could be introduced in the village itself. Introducing these gardens and farms could

provide an opportunity for the visitors to experience the kampong real working life in the

past.

5.4 A Well Defined Entrance, Proposed Gateway

After visiting to the Kampung Banghuris at Sungai Pelek, one of the problems

was there is no clear entrance to guide tourists and visitors toward the kampong even

though there is a sign board nearby the entrance. This problem is occurring because of the

site was kampong area with poor road system that currently haven’t been develop well.

The roads toward the entrance of the kampong are small and narrow which gives

inconvenient for heavy vehicle such as tourist busses.

This problem can be solved by proposing a gateway at the entrance of the

kampong. The design can be a Malay or Javanese traditional crafting gateway with

decoration on both sides. It functions as giving clear entrance and identity of the

kampong and at the same time create the sense of welcoming. It will be more obvious

where it located near to the main road and also giving more secure to public. Beside, the

road system can be improve by widen the road and provides car parking near the entrance

for vehicle to drop off. By having this proposal, tourists and visitors can enjoy the trip

during their traveling without any lost in direction to the kampong.

(Figure 10: Gateway of the kampong)

5.5 Community Spirit, Proposed Amphitheater And Central Market

The amphitheater is proposed to function as a casual gathering place for the

community. It can become a place for the adults to chit-chat and also for the children to

have activities such as playing sports, dancing, singing and having informal classes. In

this case, the knowledge of traditional dances and music can be passed to the next

generation. Other than that, it will be a proper arena for performances such as traditional

dances, traditional music, instrumentation, singing, dramas and plays.

Other than that, it will also be a place for the villagers to interact with the tourists

of the home-stay program. Tourists can hang-out there during night time to enjoy the

performances. Besides, the performers can also teach those who are interested how to

dance and play the musical instruments. Here, the visitors can learn more about the

Malay traditional performing arts and enjoy themselves very much.

(Figure 11: Singing performance) (Figure 12: Dancing performance)

(Figure 13: Musical performance)

From the visit to the kampong, in order to buy the product made by the villagers,

visitors need to travel from one place to another.

The market will be a bazaar where kampong folks gather to sell goods they had

produced such as home-made cakes and bun, ‘kerepek’, tit-bits, Malay food, fruits,

vegetables, fish and even handicrafts and clothes. In this case, villagers and even the

tourists can get everything they need in one place, and this eliminates the need to travel

far just to get to another shops. The transaction will be much faster and it will also be

more convenient for the sellers and also buyers. It will become another point of interest

of the kampong. . It also helps to strengthen the community spirit of the kampong by

gathering the kampong folks in the market.

(Figure 14: Vegetables sold in the market)

(Figure 15: Handicrafts sold in market)

(Figure 16: Light industry product sold In market)

5.6 Info Needs, Proposed Information Centre

According to the Kampung Banghuris visit, there is another problem of poor in

communicate between foreign tourists and local villagers. Most of the kampong villagers

are not well in foreign language, only a few villagers familiar with English. But when

there is foreign tourists visit the kampong, they need to translate the language by using

the dictionary and translate again one word by one word to another. This creates many

difficulties on communication between each other because of they don’t understand the

language using by each other.

However, in order to have better communication between foreign tourist

and local people, an information centre is proposed. The aim of the information centre is

to give the convenient for tourists and visitors collect data and request for relevant

information. This information centre is ready to serve huge number of visitors due to

different nationalities and it will be able to provide translator for foreign visitors which

can help in communication of each other and better understanding of the kampong.

(Figure 17: Example of Information Centre)

5.7 Space Planning

All these important places like the information centre, museum, amphitheater, and

market are proposed to cluster at the heart of the kampong so that it could blend in with

the kampong context. Everyone from the kampong will gather at the heart of the

kampong every morning to communicate with each other. Then the annexes will be

spreading through the whole kampong attaching to the host house. The gardens and farms

could be located at the backyard of every host house so that every visitor could

experience the real working life in a kampong. To enhance the community spirit in the

kampong, gazebos will be added at every junction of the road. This could let one small

community to actually gather and meet with another small community at the gazebos.

Reference List

Lee Jee Yuan. 1987. “The Malay House: Rediscovering Malaysia’s Indigenous

Shelter System” Institut Masyaraka.

Lighting Report

2009-06-19T06:51:00.001-07:00

1.0 Introduction

This report presents the study of lighting quality and condition of a double-storey shop lot

(My Bookstore) at Seri Kembangan. The following gives an introduction to general purpose of

study and limitation of data collection. This introduction also gives a overall preview of this

report.

1.1 General Purpose of Study

This report aims to analyze the lighting quality and condition of a double-storey

commercial building and provide recommendation to improve efficiency of lighting of the

mentioned shop lot.

The goal of this study is to improve lighting system of My Bookstore in 3 aspects which

are efficient and sufficient illumination. Last but not least, improve the aesthetic of lighting

system is also another major task in this study.

1.2 Limitation of Data Collection

There are 2 limitation of data collection in this study. Firstly, the first floor has limited

glazing for day lighting. The windows are blocked by the furniture, which is the book rack for

display purpose.

The next limitation of data collection is limited light type to be study. The bookstore uses

only 1 type of artificial lighting for single purpose. Thus this study does not expose us to special

lighting design such as theater and show room that emphasize on aesthetic besides practicality.

In the end of this report, recommendation on day lighting and aesthetic of lighting shall

be come after practicality of lighting and efficiency of lighting.

1.3 Preview of Report

This report will showcase the different types of lighting involved in the building. A set of

scaled drawing of the shop lot will be given together with the relevant plan, elevations and

sections prior to get a better analysis on how the lighting works. It is because different space will

be identifying different types of lighting.

After we venture into the building and data collection aspects, analysis will be produced

to evaluate the lighting quality and condition of that shop lot. Problem of the lighting qualities

will be discussed and then provide with recommendations to make sure lightings perform better

than initially designed.

2.0 Methodology

Few steps were done to collect data about lighting quality and the space. Firstly,

recording site inventory was been done and followed by user analysis. Then we record clarify the

function or activities in the bookstore which is classified as retail shop. According to Charted

Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), illuminance (Lux) of a retail shop shall be

maintained at 500 lux.

(Table 1.0 Example of Activities/Interiors Appropriate for Each Maintained Illuminance,

Reproduced with permission from CIBSE by Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 10th

edition, 1994)

Next, a full set of scaled drawings will be produce after the first site visit. Subsequently,

furniture analysis will be done. Then, colours and materials of the interior finishes needed to be

recorded for later analysis. Last but not least, Lux Meter is been used to get readings of

illuminance at the interior of book store.

2.1 Site Inventory

This section of the report introduces the site of the retail shop, site analysis, and also the

building analysis.

2.1.1 Site Introduction

The shop lot that we chose is a retail shop which provides books, stationeries, and also

household items to the community in Seri Kembangan. Big range of group age people would

visit the store from small kids to senior citizens. Therefore adequate lighting is important to

ensure the visibility for senior citizens.

2.1.2 Site Analysis

In the macro site analysis, the site is located in a new piece of land in Seri Kembangan

which used as commercial land. While for the micro site analysis, “My Bookstore” has limited

opening, which is at the front facing the parking and road. The open space at the front has little

obstruction for the entering of day light.

(Figure 2.1 Location Map)

(Figure 2.2 Site Plan)

Blue Coloured Area is the location of “My Bookstore” while the pink coloured area is the

neighboring building mass. White Colour zone is the empty space.

2.2 User Analysis

During analysis, the occupants for visiting the book store mostly are children with parents,

students and readers. The group age of visitors is big range from children to senior citizens. It is

important that the occupants or users satisfied with the environment that they were in. The

connection to sequential qualities of light improves human psychologically well being in certain

environment. Bookstore, researchers found out that reader with sufficient lighting will more

enjoy the readings. In another study, retail store or bookstores were found to have a “daylight

effect on increased monthly sales” (Heschong Mahone, 1999-2003).

2.3 Scaled Drawings

Scale Drawings method help to record the lighting layout and zoning. This is a very

important step to clarify the function of the zone and the layout of lighting. Besides, from the

scaled plan, grid lines are drawn 2m by 2m for recording lux meter reading at the next step.

As shown in Figure 2.1, down lighting system were used at Zone B and C at the Ground

Floor, spacing each other 2m by 2m. As shown in Figure 2.1 Working Plane is defined as 1.0 m

from the floor, and the height of the lighting is at ceiling level (2700 from floor).

Figure 2.3 Ground Floor Plan

Figure 2.4 Ground Floor Lighting Layout Plan

Figure 2.5 First Floor Lighting Layout Plan

Figure 2.6 Section A-A

Figure 2.7 Section B-B Plan

2.4 Furniture Analysis

There are different kind of furniture used at the ground floor and first floor. Furniture at

ground floor is has better reflectance compared to furniture at first floor. There are 2 major

furniture at the ground floor which are grey timber bookshelves and red and cream colour plastic

book rack. While for the first floor, there is only 1 type of furniture that is Brown timber

bookshelves.

Figure 2.8 Grey timber Bookshelves.

Figure 2.9 Red and Cream colour plastic book rack at Ground Floor.

Figure 2.10 Brown Timber Bookshelves at First Floor

2.5 Interior Finishes

The interior floor finishes is cream colour homogenous tile. The wall is finishes with

white colour painting while the ceiling is white plastered ceiling. These materials have adequate

reflectance.

Structure Material

Reflectance

(%)

Floor Marble 45

Wall White Paint 75

Ceiling Plaster Smooth 80

(Table 2.0 Interior Finishes Reflectance)

Figure 2.11 Ground Floor Plan-Materials Indication

Figure 2.12 First Floor Plan-Materials Indication

Figure 2.13 Section A-A -Materials Indication

2.6 Lux Meter

The lux meter is use to record the readings of the light in unit lux. This Minolta lux meter

is very sensitive to light and high accuracy of lux readings can be record using this lux meter.

Without any obstruction around, the lux meter was placed 1m above floor level

(assuming work plan for the bookstore is 1m above floor level) to take the readings. To get a

better understanding of the lighting system in the bookstore, the whole area has been divided into

small parts consist of 2m x 2m grid lines. Reading was taken 3 times (for accuracy) at every spot

of the grid line produced after scaled drawings. Readings has been taken at 3 different times

which are 10.am (morning), 5pm (evening), 8pm (night). These readings are useful for the

calculations method of the existing and required lux for the lighting solutions.

Figure 2.14 Lux Meter

3.0 Results and Analysis

Results were classified into 2 aspects, day lighting and artificial lighting.

3.1 Day lighting

Day Light Factor

Day Light Factor at 10am

Out Door Illumination (Eo) 15000 lux

Working Plane 1.0m

Day light Factor (DF)=(Ei/Eo) x 100

Where Ei=illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors

working plane

Where Eo=simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane

from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky

Ei DF

DF @ 0.5 H 697 4.65

DF @ H 421 2.81

DF @ 2H 358 2.39

DF @ 3H 337 2.25

DF @ 4H 305 2.03

DF @ 5H 219 1.46

DF @ 6H 197 1.31

DF @ 7H 180 1.20

DF @ 8H 180 1.20

Figure 3.1 Day Light Factor at 10am

Day Light Factor at 4pm

Out Door Illumination (Eo) 15000 lux

Working Plane 1.0m

Day light Factor (DF)=(Ei/Eo) x 100

Where Ei=illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors

working plane

Where Eo=simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane

from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky

Ei DF

DF @ 0.5 H 540 3.60

DF @ H 291 1.94

DF @ 2H 256 1.71

DF @ 3H 250 1.67

DF @ 4H 239 1.59

DF @ 5H 228 1.52

DF @ 6H 185 1.23

DF @ 7H 180 1.20

DF @ 8H 180 1.20

Figure 3.2 Day Light Factor at 4pm

At the ground floor, day lighting was brought in by the south east façade, which is the

front elevation of the bookstore. Wide pieces of glass were used for the purpose of advertising its

products, has another benefit to bring in day lighting. However, there are only little portion of

space are benefited by day lighting due to the deep plan. In addition, there are no additional

openings or glazing at the other 3 elevations for allowing the entering of day lighting.

At the first floor, all the windows that bringing in day lights are been covered by racks.

Thus, there are no day lights at the first floor.

Day light brought into the building during morning covered up the area as shown in

Figure 0.0. Due to the south east facing façade, there are no direct sun light. This make the day

lighting are not adequate to cover up the whole plan. However, the quantity of lighting is

sufficient at the portion highlighted.

Day lighting during evening (4pm) has not much different with morning period. Same

portion of place could receive adequate day lighting. This area is also highlighted in FIGURE 0.0.

However, after 8pm, there are totally no day lighting as sun have been fully set around 7.30pm.

3.2 Artificial lighting

There are two types of luminaire used in this retail shop. These luminaries are fluorescent

lamps tube and compact florescent light bulb.

Fluorescent lamps tubes are use at the ground floor zone A. The retail or reading area on

the ground floor needs higher illuminance. The reason for doing that is because the shop lot

owner intends to cut cost on building up the plaster ceiling and lighting cost.

PHILIPS FLUOTONE 36WATT LIFEMAX TL-D 36W/54

Rapid Start Fluorescent lamp

Two rapid start fluorescent lamps is being used in a single luminaire

Watts : 36

Bulb : T12

Base : Med. Bipin

Description : Daylight Deluxe, 6200 K

Color Rendering Index : 84

Approx Life (Hrs) : 13000

Lumens Output : 2600 lm.72 lm/w

Material : Anode Ring to avoid blackening in lamp ends. Triple Coil for

extra long life.

Figure 3.3 Fluorescent lamp

PHILIPS PL-H™ HIGH OUTPUT Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Downlight System

Compact fluorescent bulbs are used at the ground floor Zone B and Zone C and the upper

floor. According to “My Bookstore’s” shop lot owner, the reason for choosing ceiling mounted

down lights is to achieve a flat ceiling for aesthetic value.

Feature : 4 Pin Fluorescent Lamp

Watts : 60

Bulb : PL-H

Base : 2G8

Color Rendering Index : 82

Approx Life (Hrs) : 20,000

Lumens : 2000

Materials and Finish : White extrusion aluminium housing. Die-cast aluminium inner

ring. Polycarbonate plastic outer ring. Aluminium reflector.

Figure 3.4 Compact Fluorescent Lamps( Down light system)

4.0 Conclusion

After analyzed the data collected, this section will be concluding the Strengths and

Weaknesses (problems) of the existing lighting at “Mybookstore”. The overall lighting at “My

bookstore” is not adequate, especially at the first floor.

The goal for lighting design is to provide sufficient illumination for acceptable visual

performance. At the same time, we should also consider the efficiency of lighting especially

design for business purpose. The efficiency of lighting can be understood as using no additional

cost to achieve sufficient lighting.

To achieve efficient and sufficient illumination for a retail shop like “My Bookstore”, the

quantity of lights must be sufficient (500 lux as mentioned in FIGURE 0.0). In order to reach the

aim of 500 lux, factors to be considered include the finishes material. Besides, it is also

important to utilize the free resource (day light) to reduce cost for lighting. Last but not least,

choosing the right type of artificial lighting and placing at the right place is also another factor to

be considered for achieving efficient and sufficient lighting. It is also recommended to have good

monitoring of artificial lighting to utilize the day lighting.

4.1 Interior Finishes

Applying the wrong colours and materials for the interior finishes can make additional

cost to the lighting. Hence, high reflectance materials are recommended for interior finishes to

reduce the amount of lighting needed for sufficient lighting.

The interior finishes had chosen the suitable material for achieving good lighting quality.

The colours and materials chosen are high reflectance materials as shown in the Table 2.0. With

these high reflectance materials, the interior can be illuminated more efficient.

4.2 Day Lighting

Due to the limitation of openings that a shop lot have which is on the front and rear side,

the day lighting design is been minimized. However, as being in a country that near to equator,

sun light is very constant and adequate throughout the year. Thus, that is also important to

include day lighting into building lighting system design, especially to achieve efficient lighting.

The day lighting in “My bookstore” was not properly design. However, at the ground

floor, there are big pieces of glass at the front façade for windows advertisement has brought out

the opportunity for day lighting. These big pieces of glass have brought in day lighting to the

area highlighted in Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2.

Conversely, My Bookstore’s owner has totally turned out the day lighting at the first

floor. The rack for displaying books (its product) has covered up the windows. This action has to

be reconsidered as it does not utilize the free resources that a equator country has.

4.3 Artificial Lighting

A book store is where consumers enjoying the readings and retail in the surrounding. It

is important to provide comfortable surroundings for the consumer. Lightings play an important

function to produce a tremendous atmosphere.

During analysis, the reading for Zone A and B is higher than Zone C. Lightings is

efficient at Zone A. Aesthetic value is not achieved due to no ceiling. Fluorescents tubes is much

more sufficient at Zone A comparing to Zone B and C.

Figure 4.1 Ground Floor Lux Meter Reading Taken on 10:00a.m

For Zone B and C, aesthetic values is achieve because of flat ceiling is apply. The

down light ceiling mounted is inefficient. Bulb of the down light is too inner of the core.

Luminaire is not enough to glare out. Bulb should be adjusting a bit. These types of ceiling

mounted down light are not recommended in this retailing shop or bookstore.

For the first floor, the reflectance of furniture is the main issue to occur the

luminance in the room. The color that applies on furniture is dark. This is the main factor that

takes place. The aesthetic value is attaining since flat ceiling is use. The down light on the first

floor is ineffective because of using lower lumen types of compact fluorescents. The down light

system apply on the upper floor is not sufficient.

Figure 4.2 First Floor Lux Meter Reading Taken on 10:00a.m

5.0 Recommendation

To achieve the goal of efficient and sufficient lighting with aesthetic values, below are

the recommendations to improve the existing lighting condition in terms of efficiency,

sufficiency and aesthetic.

5.1 Day Lighting at First Floor

There are solutions that can be sort out by redesign or replacing the arrangement of

furniture and the lightings so luminaries can be achieved. For the first floor, furniture are

blocking where the natural lighting opening. Therefore, there are no natural light in the first floor

and the insufficient amount of light causes the first floor to be quite dim. . They should have

some openings in the first floor but still could maintain the number of racks in it. Book shelves

near the opening can be redesign into half rack for allowing natural lightings into the room. The

illustration below shows the opening of the wall and type of racks to be used in that area.

Figure 5.1 New design of space allowing day lighting, while maintaining the rack.

5.2 Proposing other type of Lighting

Artificial lighting type which is used in Zone B, Zone C and Level One is unsuitable in

the bookstore. It does not provide enough luminance to the bookstore. Rapid start fluorescent

lamp is recommended to be used in that 3 area. Using this type of lighting is easier to maintain

compared to the downlight system. Below is the properties of the rapid start fluorescent lamp. By

enhancing the lighting for the “My Bookstore”, owner can apply Direct-indirect fluorescents.

Figure 5.2 Rapid start fluorescent lamp

Watts : 40

Bulb : T12

Base : Med. Bipin

Description : Daylight Deluxe, 6500 K

Colour Rendering Index : 84

Approx Life (Hrs) : 20,000

Lumens : 2325

Material : Plastic uncovered ballast which fits two T12 fluorescent

light.

5.2.1 Calculation for the number of light source

After choosing the light type, calculation had to be made for designing a efficient and

sufficient lighting layout. This Lighthing design will be separate into 2 parts, the Ground Floor

and First Floor.

5.2.1.1 Ground Floor

Area of the book store : 361 meter square

Ceiling height : 2.7 meter

Working plane : 1 meter

Illumination of the fluorescent light : 2325 lumens

Reflectance: Ceiling – 0.80

Wall - 0.75

Floor - 0.45

DLOR – 70%

Light loss factor, LLF : 0.9

Illumination of the café, E : 500 lux

Room index, K = L X w

H (L + w)

= 361

1.7 (19 + 19)

= 361

1.7(38)

= 5.58

Utilization factor, UF: 0.79

Calculate amount of new lighting layout

Using the lumen method formula :

N = E x A

F x UF x LLF

= 500 x 361

2325 x 0.79 x 0.9

= 180500

1653.075

= 109.19

= 110 lamps

Suggested layout : 11 rows of 10 lamps

Figure 5.3 Proposing Lighting Layout at Ground Floor

5.2.1.2 First Floor

Area of the book store : 286 meter square

Ceiling height : 2.7 meter

Working plane : 1 meter

Illumination of the fluorescent light : 2325 lumens

Reflectance: Ceiling – 0.80

Wall - 0.75

Floor - 0.45

DLOR – 70%

Light loss factor, LLF : 0.9

Illumination of the café, E : 500 lux

Room index, K = L X w

H (L + w)

= 286

1.7 (22+13)

= 286

1.7(35)

= 4.80

Utilization factor, UF: 0.77

Calculate amount of new lighting layout

Using the lumen method formula :

N = E x A

F x UF x LLF

= 500 x 286

2325 x 0.77 x 0.9

= 143000

1653.075

= 86.5

= 86 lamps

Suggested layout : 8 rows of 12 lamps

Figure 5.3 Proposing Lighting Layout at First Floor

5.3 Monitoring Artificial Lighting Zone

Monitoring system for the lighting can be use at the ground floor. It can be applied near

the entrance where there are enough daylight to light up the area. When there are sufficient day

lightings, lights can be switched off for electric efficiency and cost saving. Figure 5.5 shows the

area where monitoring system could be applied in the book store.

Figure 5.5 Monitored zone according to the day lighting.

Reference List

Author Unknown 2007, Philips Electronic, E-Catalogue Retrieved on: 6 March 2007 at

http://www.lighting.philips.com/index.php.

Author Unknown 2007, Osram, Design Principles, Retrieved on: 6 March 2007 at

http://www.osram.com.

Stein B, Reynolds JS, Grondzik WT, Kwok AG, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for

Building (Tenth Edition) 2006, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Szokolay S. V, Introduction to Architectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design.

2004, Architectural Press.

Appendixes

Acoustic Report

2009-06-19T06:47:00.000-07:00

1.0 Introduction

This report presents the study of acoustic quality and condition of a double-storey shop lot (My

Bookstore) at Seri Kembangan. The following gives an introduction to general purpose of study and also

gives an overall preview of this report.

1.1 General Purpose of Study

This report aims to analyze the acoustic quality and condition of a double-storey commercial

building and provide recommendation to improve acoustic quality and condition of the mentioned shop

lot.

The goal of this study is to improve acoustic quality and condition of My Bookstore by enhance

or preserve desire sounds otherwise reduce or eliminate noises.

1.2 Preview of Report

This report will showcase the different types of noise sources involved in the building. A set of

scaled drawing of the shop lot will be given together with the relevant plan, elevations and sections prior

to get a better analysis on how good acoustic quality can be achieved. It is because different space will

determine to enhance or to reduce the sounds.

After we venture into the building and data collection aspects, analysis will be produced to

evaluate the acoustic quality and condition of that shop lot. Problem of the acoustic qualities will be

discussed and then provide with recommendations to make sure acoustic perform better than initially

designed.

2.0 Methodology

Few steps were done to collect data about acoustic quality and the space. Firstly, recording site

inventory and noise sources was been done and followed by user analysis. Then we clarify the function or

activities in the bookstore which is classified as retail shop. According to Noise Rating (NR) Limits table

cited in Introductin to Architectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design, the maximum NR for a

Department stores is 40. In another words, interior of department store has a quiet environment in term of

noise. In addition, Szokolay (2004), the author of Introductin to Architectural Science: The Basis of

Sustainable Design stated NR40-45 is moderately noisy judged by majority.

(Table 1.0 Noise Rating (NR) Limits table cited by Szokolay, 2004)

Next, a full set of scaled drawings will be produce after the first site visit. Subsequently, furniture

analysis will be done. Then, materials of the interior finishes needed to be recorded for later analysis. Last

but not least, sound meter is been used to get readings of frequency of sound at the interior of book store.

2.1 Site Inventory

This section of the report introduces the site of the retail shop, site analysis, and also the building

analysis.

2.1.1 Site Introduction

The shop lot that we chose is a retail shop which provides books, stationeries, and also household

items to the community in Seri Kembangan. Big range of group age people would visit the store from

small kids to senior citizens. Therefore good acoustic to achieve quite environment is important to ensure

the comfort for building users.

2.1.2 Site Analysis

In the macro site analysis, the site is located in a new piece of land in Seri Kembangan which

used as commercial land. While for the micro site analysis, “My Bookstore” has limited opening, which is

at the front facing the parking and road. The open space at the front has little obstruction for the entering

of day light.

(Figure 2.1 Location Map)

(Figure 2.2 Site Plan)

Blue Coloured Area is the location of “My Bookstore” while the pink coloured area is the

neighboring building mass. White Colour zone is the empty space.

2.2 User Analysis

During analysis, the occupants for visiting the book store mostly are children with parents,

students and readers. The group age of visitors is big range from children to senior citizens. It is important

that the occupants or users satisfied with the environment that they were in. Hence, it is important to make

sure the noise should be minimized or eliminated for the comfort of customer. As stated by the shop

Manager, Mr. Lai (2007) the key to be success in business is to make customer stay longer in the shop.

Therefore, a quite environment is one of the key aspect to make customer stay longer in the shop.

2.3 Scaled Drawings

Scale Drawings method help to record the lighting layout and zoning. This is a very important

step to clarify the function of the zone and the layout of lighting. Besides, from the scaled plan, grid lines

are drawn 2m by 2m for recording lux meter reading at the next step.

As shown in Figure 2.1, down lighting system were used at Zone B and C at the Ground Floor,

spacing each other 2m by 2m. As shown in Figure 2.1 Working Plane is defined as 1.0 m from the floor,

and the height of the lighting is at ceiling level (2700 from floor).

(Figure 2.3 Ground Floor Plan)

(Figure 2.4 First Floor Plan)

(Figure 2.5 Section A-A)

(Figure 2.6 Section B-B)

2.4 Materials and Furniture Analysis

(Figure 2.7 Ground Floor Ceilings finished with concrete)

Zone A ground floor ceilings are finished from concrete and reflect much noise compare to

gypsum boards finished ceilings.

( Figure 2.8 Ground Floor Ceilings finished with plaster)

Zone B and C ground floor ceilings are plastered which are not reflecting so much noise and at

the same time it also absorbs as part of it.

( Figure 2.9 Wood bookshelves)

Furniture such as bookshelves is made from wood. This material helps to absorb certain sound

waves when exposed to noise.

( Figure 2.10 Arrangement of furniture)

The uneven and arrangement of furniture in the bookstore can break down certain sound waves.

Materials of bookshelves helps to prevent reflect of sound.

2.5 Interior Finishes

(Figure 2.11 Ground Floor Plan-Materials Indication)

(Figure 2.12 First Floor Plan-Materials Indication)

(Figure 2.13 Section A-A -Materials Indication)

2.5.1 Reverberation

Reverberation is the persistence of sound after the sound source has ceased. Such persistence is a

result of repeated reflections in an enclosed space. (For spaces of unusual shapes, Beranek 1988.) A space

with highly reflective surfaces, therefore a low average absorption is coefficient.

Since room absorptions is related to total surface area, which turn is related by room proportions

to room volume. The bookstore we analyze shows that the space or shapes in the room is uneven. It is

arrange with different kind of furniture. Therefore the sound reflectance in the room is low.

Reverberation can be considered as mixture of previous and more recent sounds. The converse of

reverberation or reverberance is articulation.

(Figure 2.14 Chart indicating liveliness of a room. Stein, Reynolds ,Grondzik ,Kwok 2006)

Reverberation Time for Zone A (Refer to plan)

Dimension for Zone A = 18m x 8m x 2.7m

Absorption, A= Area x Absorption Coefficient

Surface/ Finishes Area (ft2)

Absorption Coefficient

(500Hz)

Brick wall with plaster finish 419.79 0.03

Glass Panel 86.43 0.03

Marble Flooring 1550.00 0.01

RC ceiling 1550.00 0.015

People 53.81 0.46

Wall Absorption = 419.79 x 0.03

= 12.59 Hz ft2

Glass Panel Absorption = 86.43 x 0.03

= 2.59Hz ft2

Marble Flooring Absorption = 1550.00 x 0.01

= 15.50 Hz ft2

RC Ceiling Absorption = 1550.00 x 0.015

= 23.25 Hz ft2

People = 53.81 x 0.46

= 24.75 Hz ft2

Total Absorption = 12.59 + 2.59 + 15.50 + 23.25 + 24.75

= 78.68 Hz ft2

Sabin, A = Total Absorption / 10.76

= 7.31

Conclusion: Sabin is exceeding 1 which means the room is totally dead in term of echo. However, this

is a good condition for a department store like “My Bookstore”. In another words, “My Bookstore” does

not have the problem of echo.

2.5.2 Mechanics and Absorptions

Absorptive materials are also an acoustic phenomenon so that we may understand the absorption

in appropriate. In an untreated room of normal construction, when the sound waves strike the wall or

ceiling, small portion of sound is transmitted and small portion is absorbed. Most of it is reflected.

When acoustical treatment is applied to the room surfaces, some of the energy in the sound waves

is dissipated before the sound reaches the wall. The transmitted portion is slightly reduced, but the

reflection is very much reduced.

It is important to understand that the principal effect of absorptive material on reflected sound.

The transmitted sound energy is essentially determined by the mass of the solid airtight barrier between

the two spaces.

(Table 2.0 Octave Band Average Sound Absorption Coeeficients)

2.6 Sound Meter

(Figure 2.15 Sound Level Meter, RS-232/ Data logger)

The need for a means of measuring sound level in this projects is to confirm that the designs

criteria of a shop have been met the requirement or obvious. Sound level meter is an instrument to show a

relationship meter readings with subjective loudness impressions, most such instrument that provide a

single –number output are furnished with weighting networks.

As results, networks weighting curves are used today for all the measurement, regardless of

loudness. All measurements should be identified with the weighting network used, such as 50dBA or 100

dBC(Stein et al. 2006, p. 746).

More accurate measurements of complex sounds than are possible with standard sound level

meter are made with sophisticated instruments that measure intensity in octave bands.

The readings are recorded during the business hours of the bookstore, which is 10am, 2pm, and

8pm. The sound level is measured at every 2 meters at the interior of the bookstore. The readings are

recorded in dBa unit and later converted it into db unit. Later on, calculation will be done in order to get

the sound level in the particular space.

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3.1.2 External Noise Sources

Mostly the sound or noise generated within the surrounding people at the pedestrian and the

vehicle flow density do generate noise. Besides that, the shop is also located very near to a restaurant.

When it is a peak hour, there will be a lot of customers dine in the restaurant which will create a lot of

noise. The exterior noise is the main generated sound. Thus, there is a need to solve these problems.

(Figure 3.4 Noise sources from pedestrian)

(Figure 3.5 Noise Sources from pedestrian, vehicles and restaurant at 10.00 am)

The external noise sources have the same condition at in the morning, noon and evening.

Therefore, the readings of Sound Meter are expected to have no much different in these 3 times.

3.2 Data Collection

The data shows that noise rating level in “MyBookstore” is consistent all the time. Besides, the

average of noise rating level in “MyBookstore” is 59.4dB which is 19.4 dB higher than acceptable level

(40.0dB for department store) as stated by Szokolay (2004). The sounds level is calculated by using this

formula:

Analysis of Data

(Graph 3.0 Noise Rating Level at Ground Floor and First Floor)

Note: Sound Level Calculation refer to Appendix A

The graph indicates Noise Rating Level at Ground Floor is slightly higher than the Noise Rating

level at First Floor. This can be explained that Ground Floor has a nearer contact to the external noise

sources which are the vehicles and pedestrian at the street frontage. However, the different of average

Noise Rating Level between Ground Floor and First Floor is only 2.9dB. In another words, the

environment at ground floor and first floor both are rated as Noisy.

(Figure 3.6 Noisiness judged by majority. Szokolay. 2004. p.154)

(Figure 3.7 Noise Rating data in Section.)

3.2.1 Ground Floor

The diagram shows that the db near the entrance has got the highest reading as expected. The

entrance is not closed and it’s facing the main road where noise sources from the vehicles and pedestrian

will contribute uncomfortable noise into the bookstore. There is also a fan coil unit located right above the

entrance. Therefore, it increases the noise level at the entrance. As it goes deeper inside the store, the db

decreases evenly and consistent as the noise is filtered and reflected by the furniture around it.

3.2.2 First Floor

There are no wide openings at the first floor that could let unwanted noise entering the building.

However, the highest db which had recorded is at 3 points of the diagram which has the reading of 62.9

db, 57.9 db, and also 61.5 db. It got higher db is because there are 3 fan coil units located on top of each

point which contribute some noise. As for other area, its consistent as its filtered by the surrounding

furniture.

4.0 Conclusion

After Analyzed the data collected, this section will be concluding the Strengths and Weakness

(problems) of the existing acoustic condition at “My Bookstore”. “My Bookstore’ is rated as Noisy

referring to Szokolay (2004).

To achieve the comfort environment for a department store, the sound level of existing which is

59dB must bring down to 40dB. (Szokolay 2004)

After understanding that most of the noise sources come from the external, the strategy to reduce

sound level to desire level (40dB) is to insulate or reduce the transmission of noise from the outdoor.

From the data, we also found out that sound level at the frontage of the shop is the highest while point

which far from the frontage is lowest.

4.1 External Noise Sources

The major sources of noise are coming from the external. These noise sources are pedestrian and

vehicles. Vehicles are contributing more noise than pedestrian do. Besides, from the data we get from

sound meter, we found that there are only very little reduction of sounds when it travels into the building.

This can be explaining that the glass door is always opened and the thickness of the glass might be too

thin to reduce the transmission of sounds into the building.

4.2 Internal Noise Sources

Internal Noise Sources have little impact to the noisy environment in the bookstore. The internal

Noise Sources are for example radio and cashier that is caused by human behavior that we cannot control

of. Therefore we suggest to reduce the internal sound level by using high sounds absorbance materials.

5.0 Recommendation

To achieve the goal of acceptable and suitable sound level, below are the

recommendations to improve the acoustic in the retail shop.

5.1 Furniture comment and propose

(Figure 5.1 Bookstore furniture)

Furniture that use by the bookstore is constructed by wood, therefore there will be able to reduce

sound waves travel in the room. Besides that, an uneven arrangement of furniture does affect the sounds

travel or reflectance of noise. The plastered ceiling also has the function of absorb certain noise. Furniture

of the bookstore does not need much changing in this situation.

(Figure 5.2 Section Cut Zone C - Reverberation of noise in room)

5.2 Materials Comment and Propose

(Figure 5.3 Zone A Existing) (Figure 5.4 Zone A New Proposed)

As shown at the picture above, recommended that the ground floor should be added Gypsum

board ceiling with a good absorbance. This could reduce reflection of sound at the interior. Besides that,

double glazing glass should be integrated along the glass panel at the entrance. This could help to reduce

noise from the exterior and could adding aesthetic value to the bookstore.

5.3 Current Situation

(Figure 5.5 Section of existing glass design)

(Figure 5.6 Section of new integrated design with double glazing glass)

(Figure 5.7 Section of existing ceiling finished)

(Figure 5.8 Section of proposed ceiling with gypsum board ceiling panel)

5.4 Plant trees as sound barrier

Trees will be planted at the exterior of the bookstore along the entrance. These trees act as a sound barrier

and help to absorb the sound level generated by the vehicles from the main road. As the sound wave

passes by the plantation, the noise eventually will be filtered and the sound level which enters the

bookstore will be decreased. Besides that, planting trees may help to beautify the bookstore environment.

(Figure 5.9 Section of building with trees planted)

(Figure 5.10 Arrangement of trees along the entrance)

Reference List

Stein B, Reynolds JS, Grondzik WT, Kwok AG, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for

Building (Tenth Edition) 2006, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Szokolay S. V, Introduction to Architectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design. 2004,

Architectural Press.

Epic Green Center for Disease Control by Studio Shift

2009-06-16T04:03:00.000-07:00

Scientific research unites with the public landscape in Studio Shift’s honorable mention submission for Taiwan’s Center for Disease Control. Cited as a gateway to the future development of the Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park, the CDC literally reaches out via its architectural design, through two central arms which welcome the public into its lush garden landscape. The footprint of the building adds nearly as much green space as it occupies, through the addition of a massive landscaped roof, accessible by a recreational path that links to the grounds below. In addition, views from the path invite the public to peek into the inner happenings of the CDC, which is constantly working to be a cooperative with the public it serves.

As suspected, Inhabitat returnee Studio Shift has included a plethora of sustainable systems throughout their design for Taiwan’s new Center for Disease Control - including solar power collection, solar shading devices, geothermal technology, reclamation strategies, natural landscaping, and overall energy optimization. Studio Shift made certain that their submission integrated many properties from the site to make it more energy efficient. They sum up the union of science and architecture in the journey toward progress stating, “…the architecture of the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control must embody the same fervor and determination found in its researchers’ quest for scientific progress. It must also promote connectivity and cohesion within the scientific community at large while opening its arms to the public which it serves.”

Co-Op Canyon Ecotopia : Anasazi Cliff Dwellings

2009-06-08T20:49:00.001-07:00

Co-Op Canyon Ecotopia : Anasazi Cliff Dwellings

Inspired by the cliff-side villages of Anasazi Indians, Co Op Canyon is a terraced urban oasis full of vertical gardens and lush spaces that aims to create a holistic, community-centered, sustainable city block. Designed by LA-based architecture and design firm, Standard for the Re:Vision Dallas competition, the canyon harvests enough rainwater, solar energy, and agriculture to completely sustain its 1,000 residents.

Standard’s design for the Dallas sustainable block was inspired by the cliff dwellings of the Anasazi Indians and their strong connection to nature. The structure resembles a terraced canyon with housing units tucked into the canyon wall. On the canyon floor, community gardens are ripe with organic fruits and vegetables that residents grow to use themselves or exchange within the others as part of a cooperative community. Each residential unit also has its own garden and yard space.

The co-op is not only centered around the production of food, but also on community, with the aid of a community kitchen, open space, picnic areas, child care, fitness center and retail space. The community kitchen is the center of the co-op and functions as a wellness center, providing cooking classes, food tastings, and nutritional education. Retail space and small live/work units allow some of the residents to remain local for their work and shopping.

The sustainable city block can house up to 1,000 people, and in addition to its strong community aspects it is a zero carbon and structure that wastes no water. On-site power from solar panels will meet the energy demands of the community, while waste and rain water will be collected for use in landscape irrigation. Overall Co Op Canyon is a well thought out community with an appealing design - Standard has clearly thought outside of the box with their entry.

The Re:Vision Dallas challenged architects and designers to create a residential complex within one city block that could live up to a LEED-ND rating, carbon neutrality, zero waste water and no run-off, all while reducing construction waste by 75%. The city block has already been set aside and the winners of the competition will have a chance to sell their idea to the Dallas developers.

Madrid Distrito C Self Shading Solar Office

2009-05-25T14:52:00.000-07:00

Distrito C is an ambitious project designed to consolidate 40,000 employees in Madrid from Spain’s largest company, Telefonica. The complex includes four phases of three buildings each, for a total of twelve structures. The design and materials for the buildings are identical so as to streamline the construction process and keep time and material waste to a minimum. And by keeping construction and production as simple as possible, Telefonica maintains the clean, unified look the company is after.

Local architect Rafael de La-Hoz designed Distrito C with the hot Spanish sun in mind. A special type of glass, designed specifically for this project, has been installed throughout as a means of reflecting the sun’s heat. Protruding panels act as sun visors and give the buildings a unique aesthetic character. Connecting each of the four phases is a covered walkway that shades people below. On top of the walkway is the world’s largest rooftop photovoltaic installation–15,300 solar panels capable of collecting 4 million kW hours annually.

Landscaping around the complex includes native plants that require very little water; the water that is needed comes from rainwater harvesting systems on top of each building. Since opening its Distrito C headquarters in 2007, Telefonica has been able to streamline and simplify its operating techniques and reduce local travel expenses.

Gordon Graff Skyfarm

2009-05-25T14:45:00.000-07:00

HOW SKYFARM COULD WORK

"Gordon Graff's Skyfarm isn't intended as an out-there suggestion of what might be. He's convinced it would work, right now. In Graff's conception, Skyfarm is a self-sustaining system.

It almost has to be: With virtually no penetration of natural light, Skyfarm's demand for electric lighting comes in at an estimated 82 million kilowatt hours per year. The average household uses about 10,000 kwh annually.

Hooking Skyfarm into the grid would completely cancel out any of the energy-saving advantages gained by not having to truck its produce thousands of kilometres. And then there's all that water – 59 storeys of hydroponic plants, stacked half a dozen storeys deep.

But Graff thought of that. Skyfarm would be equipped with its own biogas plant, to produce methane from its own waste. When burned, methane produces less carbon dioxide than other hydrocarbon fuels. It would be used by Skyfarm to produce its own electricity.

When Skyfarm is unable to produce enough waste to power itself – Graff estimates that the farm's internal waste would generate enough methane to fulfill 50 per cent of its energy needs – he suggests a win-win partnership with the city. Waste that travels to civic composting facilities – with questionable renewability, by some accounts – could be diverted to Skyfarm's anaerobic digester to produce the methane it needs. Skyfarm could take on some other problems to its benefit, too: Sewage is a rich methane source.

And the water issue? Enter the Living Machine, a patented biological water-filtration system that would recover waste water from sewage and divert it to Skyfarm's hydroponic growing demands."- Murray Whyte

Urban Design for Tourism City

2009-04-07T03:32:00.000-07:00

This essay discusses components in urban design in relationship to tourism industry and factors that contribute to successful tourism industry.

Hall (2008 P.1) quoted World Tourism Organization’s (1997, 2001, 2006a) forecasts predict that international arrivals will reach nearly 1.6 billion by the year 2020. The rapid growth of tourism industry has become an important economic back-bone for certain city. Edinburgh for example, its tourism industry employs around 31,000 people which is equivalent to 9% of the total workforce (2006) and generates 1.7 billion pound to the city in the year 2006 (Edinburgh Tourism Action Group 2008 p.2). Hall (2008. P.1) states that tourism is the world’s largest industry because tourism industry provides enormous job opportunity and generates huge profit into a destination. These facts, the growth of tourism industry explain the high potential of tourism and its economic impacts is very beneficial to a city. Therefore, it is wise to concern for tourism growth during urban planning and design stage in providing opportunity for the growth of tourism industry as another source of economic income.

Inskeep, cited by Harrill and Potts (2003 P.233) claims that tourism is an “invisible” industry to many planners and so tourism development is often left to private developers and leisure service providers. However, by understanding the supply and demand concept in tourism, this “invisibility” could be visualized. “Figure 1 The Expanded Tourism Model” presented by Laws (1991 P.5) explains tourism in detail which would help in the understanding of demands in tourism industry. This expanded tourism model revealing the complexity of tourism and breaking this complexity into many components. These components are the “Journey from Home to Local Terminal”, “Local Terminal”, “Main Journey”, “Terminal”, “Local Transfer”, and “Destination”. The first two components: “Journey from home to local terminal” and “Local Terminal” will not be discussed because these two components are not in the field of planning in urban design.

Main Journey is the component transporting travelers from other country or region into the designated city. The examples of Main Journey include airplane, cruise, bus, train and private vehicle. Terminal is a gateway that welcomes travelers and it is important to give a good first impression to travelers before experiencing the city. Without terminals, the Main Journey could not stop at the city and hence no passengers would be able to reach at the city. Examples of Terminal include air-port, port, bus station, train station or sometime a central transportation hub. Local Transfer is the component that allowing tourist travel within the city. Examples of local transfer are road, pedestrian walkway, canal, cable car and so on. Destination is the component that attracting tourist traveling to a specific city. This component includes accommodation, catering, and activities/event (Laws 1991 p.5).

Figure 1 The Expanded Tourism Model (Laws 1991 p.5)

Tourism Components as discussed above can be understood as the Demand in Tourism Industry. On the other hand, Urban Design has the role as the supplier to create and provide supplies for the demand of tourism industry. By understand the demand; Urban Design Components (supply) can be categorized into 3 groups: “Primary Component”, “Secondary Component”, and “Transportation Component”. These Urban Design Components are supplying the demand of Tourism Components. There is another component will be affecting the tourism industry: “Local Community”. These four components are inter-related and they are important in creating successful tourism city.

Primary Component

Primary Component is main product supplied by a city for the demand of tourism. This component is also known as Visitor Attraction. Visitor attractions have the crucial role in the development and success of tourism (Leask 2008 p.3). Boniface and Cooper (2001) cited by Leask (2008 p.3) state that “The attractions are Raison d'être(reason for being) for tourism; they generate the visits.” A well planed city with excellent environment for living without visitor attraction will not be attractive to tourist because tourist seeks for unique experience for a short term living. Therefore, designing a tourism city should be focusing in inserting Primary Component to magnetize visitors.

Visitor Attraction is usually created by the social lifestyle and tradition of local community and sometime appears by the creation of Mother Nature. However, if the city does not heritage any tourist attraction from ancestor or wonderfully gifted by Mother Nature, it is also possible to be created by Urban Designer. Henderson (2008 p.96-97) states that “modern attributes such as shopping malls, events, theme parks and all inclusive resorts are significant Visitor Attractions, as well as sports and health treatments. Attractions are therefore diverse and not confined to coastal and rural areas and historic urban zone”.

Edinburgh summer festival is one of the paragons for events designed to supply the demand of tourists. Buchanan, councilor of the Convener of the Economic Development Committee (2008) states that “Edinburgh’s population doubles with visitors each August as the city’s world-renowned programme of summer festivals gets underway”. Buchanan’s statement shows the great impact of “Event” as a primary component in Urban Design. Public open space are usually been use to accommodate Events. This is supported by the example of “Edinburgh Military Tatoo” which has attendance of 217,000 visitor each year (The Tattoo Office 2008) is been held at the public open space in front of Edinburgh Castle. In another words, public open space is flexible for different functions and hence offering a good platform to accommodate huge amount of people for events.

Figure 2 Military Tattoo at the Open Square fronting of Edinburgh Castle (The Tattoo Office 2008)

Secondary Component

Having only primary component as the magnet that drives visitor coming into a city is not sufficient to sustain the needs of tourist. Referring to the Tourism Components (Demand), visitors need shelter and food for a longer staying. Hence, Secondary Component is needed for providing accommodation and catering, indeed it is important to extend the staying of tourist. Secondary component is as important to ensure satisfactory of tourist. Therefore, secondary component should be easily accessible from the primary component as a supportive element to strengthen the magnetism of primary component.

However, Secondary component is not the main motive of a ‘traveling’ and hence, it should be economical and affordable. However, there are also visitors who desire for excellent experience for both primary and secondary components in their tourist package. Therefore, accommodation services and catering should range from economical to luxurious for accommodating the different visitors’ demands.

(eTourism Ltd 2009) Scotland for instance, offering different types of accommodation with price ranging from 20 pound to few hundred pound per night. Each types of accommodation is offering different kind of experiences. For example, there are luxurious hotel offering excellent comfort in living. Besides, Bed and Breakfast or Guest house is one kind of accommodation for budgets traveling. Youth Hostel on the other hand, offering opportunities to make new friends. Some country like Scotland is also providing outdoor accommodations such as camping and caravan for visitors who love outdoor activities. There are also other types of accommodation like serviced apartment, eateries with rooms & inns also providing different experience to the visitors. In short, a city should offer variety choices of Secondary Component in supporting Primary Component to cater various preferences of visitors to increase the satisfactory of the travelling experience.

Secondary component is potential to be overlap with primary component. Unique shelter and food are sometime a visitor attraction. Ice Hotel, for example Hotel de Glace at Québec Canada has become a visitor attraction while offering lodging services because of the unique living experience its offering. Hotel de Glace had received 343,000 visitors since operations (Hôtel de Glace 2009 p.1). In another words, with the proper design in secondary component, it is also possible to be part of primary component, magnetizing visitors.

Figure 3 Hotel de Glace (Hotel de Glace 2009)

Local Community

The main objective in tourism is to generate economic incomes for the local community. Primary and Secondary Component is like an engine require energy input to function, Man Power is the Energy. Without the supply of man power from local community tourism cannot be sustained. Though, some people might claims that the possibility of importing man power from the other region, there is still vital in planning to accommodate these “man power” either for short term living or long term living. Inappropriate planning for local community will affect their attitude towards tourism and then create negative consequences to the tourism industry.

Negative attitude of local community towards tourist will affect the service quality provided in Secondary Component and hence affecting overall satisfaction of the travelling experience. Harrill (2004) states that improper planning and management in local resident, would induce open hostility of local resident toward tourists, eventually contributing to the destination’s decline. Harrill (2004) quoted Jamaica Kincaid (1988) text describing the envy felt by native toward tourists:

“They [natives] are too poor to escape the reality of their lives; and they are too poor to live properly in the place where they live, which is the very place you, the tourist, want to go—so when the natives see you, the tourist, they envy you, they envy your ability to leave your own banality and boredom, they envy your ability to turn their own banality and boredom into a source of pleasure for yourself.”

Therefore, it is necessary to ensure satisfactory of both party, local community and tourist, in urban planning in achieving successful and sustainable tourism. The solution is to create a buffer zone between these components ensuring that they are separated yet connected. According to Harrill (2004), one of the major factors affecting local community’s attitudes toward tourism is the spatial planning. Harrill (2004) cited Pizam (1978), Tyrell and Spaulding (1984) that the location of tourism facilities and services is the key affecting local attitude towards tourism because of trash and litter, noise and environmental contaminations. In addition, Harrill and Potts (2003) both agree that unsafe traffic conditions, crime, drug addictions and alcoholism is also another factor affecting local attitude towards tourism. In another words, local resident as negative attitude towards tourism because tourism facilities and services has causes negative impact to local community that disturbing the living environment. Hence, by inserting buffer zone between local community and other components to reduce negative impact in local community, win-win situation for both parties is achievable.

Transportation Component

Visitor attractions will not be functioning if visitors cannot access them (Robbins and Dickinson 2008 p.108). The function of transportation is to connect tourist with the rest of other components. It allows visitor to access all these components and travel within the components. In the design of transportation component, it is vital to identify primary components the city. Transportation component is to connect all this primary components to a center or hub which connected to the terminal (gateway to and from other region). This transportation should offer tourists a pleasant journey.

The form of transportation come in vary depends on the potential of the city. For example, Barcelona provides various type of transportation form for tourists’ mobility. The city provides a guided tourist bus which is called “Touristic Bus” to cover every primary component in the city. This bus service enhances tourists’ mobility to access every primary component is one of the reason for the success of Barcelona’s tourism industry.

Figure 4. Barcelona Bus Turistic Map (Barcelona Turisme 2009)indicating the linking of visitors’ attractions (Primary Component).

The form of transportation does not limited to vehicle only. Barcelona is providing bicycle rental service for tourists’ mobility. The city allocated bicycle rental point at every primary component enabling tourists accessing every primary component at the same time experiencing cycling which favor by sports lover.

Transportation component is also able to overlap with primary component. For instance, La Rambla, Barcelona is a street at the same time, a visitors’ attraction (primary component). The origin idea of La Rambla, is to link retail shops forming the “shopping centre” in Barcelona. However, the wide street provides a platform for events such as public performance, and other artist stall formulate a vibrant street and hence a primary component. In this case, the design of the street is offering visitors a pleasurable walking experience.

Figure 5. La Rambla Street, Barcelona 2009

Robbins and Dickinson (2008 p.18) agrees that “transportation is neither the sole purpose nor the dominant purpose of the trips, but it may will be a pleasurable experience and contribute to the overall enjoyment of the visit to an attraction”. In term of urban design, although basic transportation such as street, road, bus and train could serve the purpose of primary component, it is vital to offer a pleasurable experience to tourist in this component for the overall satisfaction of travelling.

Conclusion

In conclusion, urban design for tourism city is a challenging issue. It involves planning and designing spaces and places for long term and short term living community. Tourism itself is a non-profit investment for tourist except business traveler. Tourists invest for intangible return such as experience and satisfaction. Therefore, these places created must be attractive so that its create desire in visitors to invest on the tour. Hence, is vital to understand tourists’ needs and demands before the designing process.

In addition, “experience” is the key element offered to tourists. This make up the basic urban design model where events and visitors’ attractions is the Primary Component, supplement by services such as accommodations and catering, the Secondary Component, and by man power supplied from “Local Community” ensuring the operation of Primary and Secondary Component.These components are linked together by Transportation component and then connected to other region so that the city is accessible. This model is illustrated at the diagram below:-

Figure 6. Urban Design Components Model.

From the perspective of tourism marketing, tourists have different choices of city potentially visit. Branding the city involves promoting the unique of a city which answers the question “Why should I visit your city?” (Kolb 2006 p.18). In the design of tourism city, Urban Designer has the definite role in inserting uniqueness in a city. This uniqueness is the branding strategy for tourism marketing. This uniqueness creates the will of travel in tourists, and affecting their decision in choosing desired destination. Urban Designer is responsible to present the uniqueness by creating distinctive setting in the city.

This distinctive setting would make up the image of a city. In addition, this distinctive setting set up the unique experience and mood for tourist when they are using provided tourism facilities such as components as discussed. This distinctive setting is often being set to target specific groups of people. Having a clear image could easily attract the visit of a specific group of people. For example, the Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation successfully attracts the visits of young people by developing “Real Fun, Real Young, Real Philly” city package featuring the sites and places that were shown on the MTV show (Kolb 2006 p.18).

In the city of Aberdeen, the lack of primary component is the major factor affecting its tourism. Aberdeen (The Granite City) being a historic city with a very strong identity, lacks distinctive quality, which in turn does not attract as many visitors as Edinburgh. This is due to the lack of events and visitor attractions within the city. This lack of attraction to tourists alike is what kept Aberdeen behind in the tourism industry.

Intervention in urban design could contribute to a successful tourism industry for Aberdeen. Aberdeen’s Beach and The Union Street are potential to be developed to a higher level of visitor attractions.

Firstly, as most leisure type of primary components such as amusement park, beach and promenade are set at the seaside it is in fact a tourist destination. However, the facilities provided are very limited and these facilities are losing the identity of “Aberdeen”. This gives no reasons for visitor travelling to the city to pay for these leisure facilities. It is vital to insert more leisure type of primary component along the sea side. This is because the sea side in nature had offering a relaxing setting. However, the extreme climate in Aberdeen does not encourage outdoor activities. By adding indoor built environment that has strong connection with the sea and beach yet protects visitors from extreme climate, will be rejuvenating the seaside. This built environment along the seaside will be forming an indoor beach which offers visitor a beach vacation during winter.

Next, the unsuccessful of Shopping Street is also one factor affecting tourism industry. The Union Street as a central of the city and hub of transportation especially for buses increase traffic congestion along the street. This traffic congestion is contributing to the death of the shopping street because air pollutant and noise pollutant from vehicle creating an un-enjoyable experience along the street. Besides, the walkway along the street is not wide enough to accommodate the amount of pedestrian which in turn giving a reason for not using the street. Hence, this problem could be resolved by locating transportation hub off the street to reduce vehicle ingress to the street. When the amount of vehicle entering the street is reduced, it gives more space to pedestrian and reducing noises and pollutant gases. Furthermore, this wide pedestrian street is becoming a flexible public space for events such as weekly flea market. By the combining of primary component with the Granite backdrop, Aberdeen is offering a unique Granite Shopping Street that gives reason for a visit.

In order to improve Aberdeen’s tourism industry, it is crucial to connect these two urban interventions into one. This is because tourist accessibility is also one of the key factor to the succeed of primary components. The beach should have easy access by pedestrian from the “Granite Shopping Street” because it is walkable distance. However, present path needs a revamp to offer tourist a pleasurable travelling experience. This revamp could be done by extending the shopping street and seaside to a meeting point.

(Figure 7. Aberdeen Urban Intervention) (Google 2009)

The Castle Gate, being historically significant and flexible usage of space is very potential to be the meeting point for these two Urban Interventions. Meanwhile, The Castle Gate is also potentially contributing a platform for events. With that said, Aberdeen will become one of Scotland’s main tourist destinations.

In short, key success of urban design for tourism city is to offer a distinctive experience to tourist complement with tourism facilities without affecting local residents’ daily activities. These tourism components will be hardly succeed without the distinctive quality in it. Reversely, distinctive quality of a city does not ensure the success tourism industry without adequate tourism components in supplying tourist’s demands. These tourism facilities supply for tourists’ basic needs such as shelter, food and mobility which are the key contributes to overall satisfactory and its distinctive experience. In addition, local attitude towards tourism would also affect the distinctive experience when tourism facilities interferes the local community. In conclusion, Urban Design is the key role in crafting unique supplies for tourism industry and branding the city to offer matchless experience.

Reference List

Barcelona Turisme. 2009. Barcelona Bus Turistic Guide. Barcelona: Barcelona Turisme.

Edinburgh Tourism Action Group. 2008. Edinburgh Tourism: A Framework for Growth 2007-2015. [Online] Edinburgh: Edinburgh Tourism Action Group. Available from: http://www.inspiringtourism.co.uk/components/docs/ETAG_framework.pdf. [Accessed 10 March 2009]

eTourism Ltd. 2009. Where to Stay. [Online] Livingston: eTourism Ltd. Available from: http://www.visitscotland.com/guide/where-to-stay/. [Accessed 16 March 2009]

Google. 2009. Aberdeen. Available from: Google Earth. [Accessed 27 March 2009]

Hall, C. M. 2008. Tourism Planning: Policies, Processes and Relationships. 2nd Edition. Harlow : Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Harrill, R. and Potts, T.D. 2003. Tourism Planning in Historic Districts: Attitudes Toward Tourism Development in Charleston. Journal of the American Planning Association. [Online]. 69(3). pp 233-244. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944360308978017. [Accessed 8 March 2009]

Harrill, R. 2004. Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism Development: a Literature Review with Implications for Tourism Planning. Journal of Planning Literature. [Online]. 18(3). pp 251-266. Available from: http://jpl.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/3/251. [Accessed 9 March 2009]

Henderson, J. 2008. Chapter 6: Visitor Attraction Development in East Asia. In: Managing Visitor Attractions: New Directions: 2nd Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Hôtel de Glace. 2009. The Story. [Online] Québec: Hôtel de Glace. Available from: http://www.icehotel-canada.com/Fichiers/The%20story%20of%20the%20Hotel%20de%20Glace.pdf. [Accessed 16 March 2009]

Kolb, B. M. 2006. Tourism Marketing for Cities and Towns: Using Branding and Events to Attract Tourists. Oxford: Elsevier.

Laws, E. 1991. Tourism Marketing: Service and Quality Management Perspectives. London: Continuum.

Leaks, A. 2008. Chapter 1: The Nature Role of Visitor Attractions. In: Managing Visitor Attractions: New Directions: 2nd Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Robbins, D. and Dickinson, J. 2008. Chapter 7: Transport to Visitor Attractions. In: Managing Visitor Attractions: New Directions: 2nd Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Refreshing an old work I - The 80 Cube, Chaos Vs Variety

2009-03-28T00:17:00.000-07:00

Cybertecture Egg Mumbai India

2009-03-21T04:49:00.000-07:00

Cybertecture Egg office

“In the 21st Century, buildings will be different from 20th Century”, say James Law Cybertecture International, “They are no longer about concrete, steel and glass, but also the new intangible materials of technology, multimedia, intelligence and interactivity. Only recognizing this will bring a new form of architecture to light, namely a Cybertecture.”

James Law have been commissioned by Vijay Associate (Wadhwa Developers) to create an office unlike any other in Mumbai, India. The 32,000 sq m egg-shaped build will accommodate 13 floors of offices bringing together iconic architecture, environmental design, intelligent systems, and new engineering to create an awe-inspiring landmark in the city.

The concept was inspired, according to the designers, by considering the world as an ecosystem allowing life to evolve. Elements of the design and intelligence systems will work together to give the building’s inhabitants the ‘best space to work in’. And this includes monitoring their health. Within the building, there will be a series of innovative systems such as ‘cybertecture health’ in the washroom which is designed to keep track of the inhabitant’s health including blood pressure and weight. The data collected may be retrieved and sent to a doctor if deemed necessary.

Technology and the working environment are united in the use of ‘cybertecture reality’ which allows you to customize your favorite view and have real time scenery all around the world instead of the view the user currently has.

The egg itself is orientated and skewed at an angle to create both a strong visual language and to alleviate the solar gain of the building, also there is a sky garden on the top of building which performs thermolysis (the dissipation of heat from the surface). PV panels will be installed on top of the building and a wind turbine on the sky gardens will generate electricity. A water filtration system will also be incorporated into the building to recycle grey water for flushing and irrigation purpose.

By using this “Egg” shape, compared to a conventional building, the structure has approximately 10-20% less surface area. Within the building, an innovative structure derived from the skin of the egg creates up to 30m spans of columnless floors. The architecture is sleek and computer designed, with engineering that creates a building of high quality and geometric sophistication. It is hoped this building will act like a “jewel” for the new Central Business District of Mumbai, and will be a worthy neighbour to other esteemed buildings in the district. The building is due for completion by the end of 2010

Water Tower Student Housing Denmark

2009-03-19T13:18:00.001-07:00

Water towers, TV antennas, parking garages and other structures tend to be ignored within the ubiquitous context of their surroundings, however these oft-overlooked structures can offer amazing opportunities for renovations. Take this water tower turned student housing complex in Jaegersberg, Denmark. This once practical structure was left unused until Dorte Mandrup Arkitekter ApS won a competition to renovate it into a multi-purpose building for student housing and a youth center.

Dorte Mandrup Arkitekter ApS completed this 10-storey youth center in 2006. The top 5 floors are reserved for student housing and feature roomy and bright apartments with multi-faceted protrusions that extend the living space as well as draw more light into the apartments. Daylighting through the extensions brightens the interiors significantly, providing a warm and sunny space with a view of the surrounding lanscape.

The bottom floors are used for a youth center that features several large multipurpose rooms. The youth center utilizes tall windows and colored panels to make the space more playful and alive. Large garage-style doors on the very bottom floor can be raised to open the room to the outdoor playground.

This interesting and practical renovation of a previously unused space shows that renovations can be conducted on virtually any structure with gorgeous results. The tower’s multi-faceted crystal-like protrusions add character to the facade and at the same time open the interior living space with views and light.

Super Sustainable City Gothenburg, Sweden

2009-03-18T14:00:00.001-07:00

Addressing the urgent need to green our built environment, Kjellgren Kaminsky Architects have conceived of a Super Sustainable City that re-envisions Gothenburg, Sweden as a future-forward ecotopia. Designed as a dense and interconnected urban area, the master plan incorporates everything from green rooftop gardens to water and energy harvesting roadways, towering solar arrays, and soaring wind turbines. These measures address the issues of density, energy, and food production, while staying true to the city’s architectural heritage.

One of the smartest steps we can take towards a more sustainable future is to build denser, more efficiently designed cities. In doing so we stand to cut down on the materials required for buildings and infrastructure, decrease the distance residents need to travel, and provide space for the world’s surging population.

By 2020 the city of Gothenburg, Sweden will be growing at a rate of 8000 new inhabitants per year, and thus far the majority of this growth has taken the form of lateral sprawl. The Super Sustainable City addresses this issue by forming a dense city center that will house one third of the city’s growth until 2020 while forming a strong connection between each bank of the site’s river. The plan is inspired by the architectural heritage of Gothenburg, and will feature traditional yellow bricks, streets paved with granite, and plenty of markets and canals.

The plan calls for energy-efficient apartments topped with roofs that serve multiple functions. South-facing terraces provide space for leisure, solar panels generate energy, and food-producing rooftop gardens provide a local source of food while helping to reduce the structure’s heating and cooling demands. Many of the roofs also feature small scale wind turbines, which further help reduce their energy needs.

In addition to energy efficient architecture, Kjellgren Kaminsky Architects‘ green Gothenburg will feature several options for sustainable transportation. A personal rapid transit system will provide for emission-free transportation, while covered cycling highways will encourage the use of bikes. These transit paths will also be capable of collecting rainwater and capturing solar energy.

Kjellgren Kaminsky Architects have created a blog for the project and they are currently inviting readers to share their own ideas for a more sustainable Gothenburg. Check out their website to submit your suggestions!

Torrer Agbar

2009-03-18T04:32:00.000-07:00

Battery in the Grid City marking the born of new barcelona, does it real good?

This tower was built by the Barcelona Water Company. The outer skin is made of glass panels that can be opened to adjust the interior temperature.

Avinguda Diagonal 209-211, plaza de las Glorias
Barcelona CAT Spain

Status:	built
Construction Dates
Began	2001
Finished	2004
Floor Count	33
Basement Floors	4
Floors to Floor	4 m
Floor Area	51,483 m²
Elevator Count	9

Building Uses

- office

- conference

- restaurant

Structural Types

- highrise

Architectural Style

- futurism

Materials

- glass

- aluminium

Heights	Value	Source / Comments

Roof	144.5 m


Top floor	128.3 m

Description
- Architect: Jean Nouvel

- Owner: Grupo Inmobiliario Layetana

- Inaugurated: Sep-16-2005

- Cost: E $130,000,000

Marina Bay Singapore

2009-03-18T04:22:00.000-07:00

Singapore, 26 May 2006 - The Singapore Government announced today that it will award the project to develop the Integrated Resort (IR) at Marina Bay to Las Vegas Sands Corporation (“Sands”).

The Ministerial Committee (Tender Approving Authority or TAA) evaluating the four proposals, chaired by Deputy Prime Minister Professor S Jayakumar , announced their decision at a press conference this evening. Prof Jayakumar said, “All four proposers submitted very strong proposals which reflected their commitment to developing a truly outstanding integrated resort in Singapore”. He added that “Sands had submitted the best overall proposal that meets our economic and tourism objectives.”

Successful RFP Process

The RFP for the Marina Bay IR was launched on 15 Nov 2005 and closed on 29 Mar 2006. Four proposers responded to the RFP – i.e. Sands; Harrah’s Entertainment and Keppel Land (“Harrah’s”); Genting International and Star Cruises (“Genting”); and MGM Mirage and CapitaLand (“MGM”).

Each of the four proposers committed to invest a total of $4 billion to $5 billion in a world-class development that would generate substantial economic benefits for Singapore. This reflects the strong confidence of international investors in Singapore’s tourism sector. All the proposals offered an excellent range of tourism products, ranging from MICE (i.e. Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions) facilities to leisure attractions and entertainment shows. The proposals also all met the stringent social safeguards set by the Singapore Government for the casino component.

Rigorous Evaluation Process

The evaluation of the proposals was based on the following four main criteria, with approximate weights as shown:

a. Tourism appeal and contribution (40%);
b. Architectural concept and design (30%);
c. Development investment (20%); and
d. Strength of consortium and partners (10%).

The proposals were assessed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. It is a methodology that provides discipline and objectivity, ensuring that the final outcome is based on an evaluation of both the qualitative and quantitative factors.

The evaluation process was conducted in a systematic and rigorous manner. All the proposers had the opportunity to present their proposals to the Ministers in the TAA shortly after the close of the RFP. Assisting the Ministers in the evaluation process were Permanent Secretaries from the same four ministries. The committee also considered the views of a Design Evaluation Panel comprising established local and international architects, as well as the inputs of other international and local experts in areas such as attractions, entertainment, and financial and business models.

After a rigorous evaluation process, the Ministerial Committee assessed that Sands had submitted the best overall proposal.

Marina Bay Sands: Best Overall Proposal

Tourism Appeal and Contribution

Sands proposed an outstanding IR development (“Marina Bay Sands”) that will boost Singapore’s attractiveness as a premium destination for business and leisure visitors. Leveraging on Sands’ expertise and excellent track record in MICE, the proposal will create a strong MICE cluster in Marina Bay and enhance Singapore’s MICE capabilities and offerings. The Marina Bay Sands will have a combination of exhibition and meeting space amounting to 110,000 sqm in gross floor area, which is 2½ times the size of the convention and exhibition centre at Suntec City.

The Marina Bay Sands will offer a wide range of leisure products, such as world-class entertainment in two 2,000-seat theatres, an ArtScience museum, luxury retail outlets, and unique dining venues such as the floating pavilions in the Marina Bay. There will also be attractive public spaces and interesting activity nodes such as an ice-skating rink and indoor canals. Please refer to the attached fact sheet for more details.

Architectural Concept and Design

The design of the Marina Bay Sands is unique and will provide a memorable image and destination attraction for Marina Bay. The overall composition fits very well with existing and future developments. The setting back of the hotel towers from the waterfront opens up expansive views to the city and the entire Marina Bay. The low-rise MICE facilities, casino and theatres fronting Marina Bay are crowned by wave-like roof forms.

The design also has many distinctive features. The Sky Park above the hotel towers will provide breathtaking 360-degree views of Marina Bay, the city and the future Gardens-by-the-Bay. The ArtScience Museum offers a “welcoming gesture”, inviting people to Marina Bay. Visitors will enjoy attractive public spaces, such as the Event Piazza which can hold up to 10,000 people and the roof-top amphitheatre above the ArtsScience Museum. Please refer to the attached fact sheet for more details.

Track Record

Sands has demonstrated its capability in developing and operating large successful IRs from the ground up, such as the Venetian Resort in Las Vegas, which also houses the Sands Expo and Convention Centre. In Asia, Sands played a key role in developing the master plan for the Cotai strip in Macau.

Economic Benefits

Sands committed to the highest development investment of $3.85 billion. Together with the land price and other associated capital costs, the total investment by Sands would exceed $5 billion. This is one of the largest investments in the world for a single IR. The Marina Bay Sands is expected to stimulate an additional $2.7 billion (or approximately 0.8%) to Singapore’s annual Gross Domestic Product and generate 30,000 jobs throughout the economy by 2015.

Record of Appreciation

The Singapore Government would like to thank all the four proposers for the tremendous efforts and resources that they have put into the RFP.

Twin Faceted Skyscrapers Paris

2009-03-13T13:44:00.001-07:00

Norman Foster + Partners recently revealed the masterplan for a new sustainable community just outside of Paris complete with twin faceted skyscrapers that will be the tallest mixed-use towers in Western Europe. Dubbed Hermitage Plaza, the high-density development will create a a thriving community east of La Défense that is targeting a BREEAM ‘excellent’ rating - one of the world’s most widely used environmental assessment methods for architecture.

Running alongside the Seine, Hermitage Plaza “will create a 24-hour community that will regenerate the riverfront and inject new life into a predominantly commercial part of the city.” The development will feature a hotel, spa, apartments, offices, and retail space in addition to a public piazza that runs all the way to the river’s edge. The twin triangle-faceted towers face each other at the ground level and twist as they rise to give stunning views of the city of light. Each tower features a high-performance glazed façade split into faceted panels that promote shading, and exterior vents can be opened for natural ventilation.

Paris has a history of vigorously fighting to preserve its skyline, so it will be interesting to see how the public receives this project. Hermitage Plaza is slated to break ground in 2010 and complete by the end of 2014.

Giant Eco-Egg Hotel

2009-03-12T06:17:00.000-07:00

From the unseen, unsung files of design competitions past comes the Envision Green Hotel proposed by Miami-based Michael Rosenthal Associates for Hospitality Design’s Radical Innovation design competition. Part wind tower, part urban eco-resort, and all egg, this “lobular” structure is touted as one of the most recognizable landmarks for the city in which it would ultimately be…laid. Inhabitat leaves it up to you to decide whether this is an egg-cellent idea or something not quite fully hatched.

Operating like a living organism, the Envision literally breathes through its wind and atmospheric conversion systems, which allow natural air into the interior of the building without mechanical intervention. Photovoltaic exterior sheathing provides the building’s energy, while indoor gardens at various levels of the structure act as upward extensions of the earth, creating mini-microclimates that filter the air and act as added insulation. Recycled pools of water around the structure serve as catch basins, water reservoirs, fire barriers, and indispensable decorative aquatic features. Power from the wind turbine heats the boiler and creates steam for the chiller water plant beneath the structure to cool and heat the hotel.

Within the hotel, rooms would be designed on a 4 foot multiple to conform to standard-sized materials and reduce construction waste. A high-efficiency LED system would illuminate the interiors, and non-toxic, non-off-gassing finishes would be employed. Besides the typical water-efficient fixtures, this eco resort would use recovered rainwater for flushing and irrigation. The rooms would also include a mood pad control unit that would allow each guest to control the lighting and choose groovy digital images that would reflect behind glass walls and ceilings.

To help this giant eco-egg blend even more subtly into the surrounding urban context, exterior LED curtain walls would change color throughout the night to indicate the progression of time, making the Envision glow in the night like a giant, moody Fabergé egg.

San Alfonso del Mar in Algarrobo

2009-03-08T08:41:00.000-07:00

Chile has been awarded the Guinness World Record for the largest swimming pool on the planet.
The gigantic lagoon is located in the resort of San Alfonso del Mar in Algarrobo city, on the southern coast of Chile.Guinness Book of World Records has named it the largest pool in the world. How big is it? One over a kilometer long (3,323 feet), covering 20 acres and containing 250,000 cubic meters of water.

The ocean water is too cold most of the year and the pool is kept at a refreshing 79 degrees during the summer.

While there is plenty of room to swim in the pool, visitors can also cruise across the lagoon on small boats.

The pool took five years to build, cost nearly £1billion and the annual maintenance bill will be £2million. It can harvest, filter and permanently recirculate ocean water by itself.

The man-made saltwater lagoon has been attracting huge crowds to the San Alfonso del Mar resort at Algarrobo since it opened last month. Its turquoise waters are so crystal clear that you can see the bottom even in the deep end.

This is how an architect re-charge his juice!!

2009-03-08T08:14:00.000-07:00

click here and see how stress studying architecture.

are you one of this!!!?

Slidding House

2009-02-24T14:08:00.000-08:00

A New House for a Rural Site under A Big Sky...

The brief was a self-bulid house to retire to in order to grow food, entertain and enjoy the landscape. The site offered a combination of rolling England and agricultural Holland, restrained by stringent local plannning parameters for rural development. A genuine appreciation of vernacular farm buildings shared by architect and client led to a manipulation of the local timber framed and clad shed idiom.

The outcome is three conventional building forms with unconventional detailing, radical performance, and a big surprise. A linear building of apparaent simplicity is sliced into three programmes; house, garage and annexe. THe garage is pulled off axis to create a courtyard between the three. The composition is further defined by material and colour; red rubber membrane and glass, red and black stained larch.

The surprise: the separated forms can be transformed by a 20 ton mobile roof'wall enclosure which traverses the site, creting combinations of enclousre, openo-air living and framing of views according to position. this is an sutonomous structure; steel, timber, insulation and unstained larch spanning recessed railway tracks. Movement is powered by hidden electric motors on wheels integrated into the wall thickness. the tracks can be extended in the future should the client wish to build a swimming pool, which may need occasional shelter.

Sliding House offers radically variable spaces, extent of shelter, sunlight and insulation. The dynamic change is a physical phenomenon difficult to describe in words or images. It is about the ability to vary the overall buildign composition and characeter according to eason, weather, or a remote-controlled desire to delight.

Architect: dRMM; Alex de Rijke, Joana Pestana Lages Goncalves
Client : Private Clint

Headquater of China Insurance Group

2009-02-24T01:14:00.000-08:00

Jury for the “Shenzhen 4 Tower in 1” choose Coop Himmelb(l)au design

The jury for the “Shenzhen 4 Tower in 1” Competition chaired by Mr. Arata Isozaki, selected Coop Himmelb(l)au's design for Tower C, the new “Headquarter of China Insurance Group” as the winning scheme. Other participants include Morphosis, Steven Holl Architects, Hans Hollein, MVRDV and FCJZ Atelier.

The new “Headquarter of China Insurance Group” will be part of a lively business quarter in the heart of the Central District of Shenzhen made up of a carefully composed ensemble of unique, individual towers creating a landmark silhouette.

The project is a high-rise structure with a height of approximately 200 m with 49 storeys. The footprint area has the size of 40 by 40 m. The required program is distributed vertically. A clear separation of public and private functions is given. All public functions are organized in the base building while the office program is situated in the tower. Semi public program like meeting rooms, conference center, recreation areas and gardens are concentrated in the middle of the building. This zone is designed to create a pattern of meeting facilities, gardens and recreation areas for all employees and become spaces for an exchange of knowledge and creativity and a synergy of form and function.

The “Headquarter of China Insurance Group” is not only recognizable by its significant form but also by its façade. The design of the façade is driven by generation of energy. The second skin of the façade is shaped by climate conditions and inner functions. This skin includes photovoltaic cells to generate electricity and also cells to reduce excessive wind pressure, shade the sun and create multi media displays. Strategies employing the form of the building to assist natural ventilation together with the use of renewable energy sources (wind and solar power) assure an energy efficient design and reduce energy consumption and reliance on fossil fuel energy sources.

Mushroom Cities: Tropical Urban Rainforests

2009-02-09T14:23:00.000-08:00

As the urban population increases the challenges facing urban life also increases. A limited amount of land has to cater for all the high demands on the human needs and desire. Our verdict by 2030, Earth would suffer to resist all this rapid development in urban areas. Hazardous air pollution emitted by vehicle in abundance in the city and uncontrolled usage of natural resource freely contributes to global warming.
Cities become more prevalent as a social illness center, effected by poor quality of living and lack of consideration of human beings needs of socializing and recreation. Ironically greenery and open space are still eaten up by this fast development only to respond to humankind’s most basics need which are: shelter/security.

TROPICOOL @KL: SYMBIOTIC TROPICAL MUSHROOM is the core answer of a new urban city in the future. Our aim is to propose a housing scheme for a conducive tropical living environment. Quoted from http.www.mongabay.com

“An estimated 70-90 percent of life in the rainforest exists in the trees, above the shaded forest floor. Primary tropical rainforest is vertically divided into at least five layers: the overstory, the canopy, the understory, the shrub layer, and the forest floor. Each layer has its own unique plant and animal species interacting with the ecosystem around them. The overstory refers to the crowns of emergent trees which soar 20-100 feet above the rest of the canopy. The canopy is the dense ceiling of closely spaced trees and their branches, while the understory is the term for more widely spaced, smaller tree species and juvenile individuals that form a broken layer below the canopy……………………………… The billions of leaves of the canopy, acting as miniature solar panels, provide the source of power for the forest by converting sunlight to energy through photosynthesis. Since the rate of photosynthesis of canopy trees is so high, these plants have a higher yield of fruits, seeds, flowers, and leaves which attract and support a wide diversity of animal life. Besides attracting a broad array of wildlife, the canopy plays an important role in regulating regional and global climate because it is the principal site of the interchange of heat, water vapor, and atmospheric gases. In addition to collecting solar energy and regulating the climate, the canopy shields the under story from harsh and intense sunlight, drying winds, and heavy rainfall, and retains the moisture of the forest below. Light levels are diffuse and subdued, the humidity is higher and more constant, and there is very little direct sunlight in the lower canopy”

Achieving the resemblance of equatorial rainforest, big canopy trees shading the ground still allowing penetrating rays of sunlight; generate ideas to create a distinctive structure ‘ A mushroom’, resembling urban rainforest trees which populate the whole city. The leaves act as a solar canopy, the branches accommodating homes to human beings and serving interaction areas at each of the community colonies for recreation and socializing, with energy funneling through its trunk and the small footprint preserves and promotes the ground greenery and supports sustainable lifestyles for the occupants below.
The proposed design also echoes the Malaysian vernacular house lifestyle which is always situated with the rural fabrics; in harmony with the natural richness and surrounded by trees. These spaces offer natural, passive cooling with the presence of the trees giving us the parameters for designing the cities within the trees.
Technically, the urban mushroom would be implementing integrated building systems and enhance of the use of natural energy sources to generate power in the future city by rainwater harvesting and bio-mass as the main support for the city living. Self-reliance, a friendly environment and symbiotic buildings are the main themes of the new cityscape of the future city. It is our small contribution as Malaysians as part of the overall in battle against global warming.

SITE:SENTUL,KUALA LUMPUR,MALAYSIA

The site is located at Sentul, Kuala Lumpur. This area has been developed originally as a train depot community. It is now developing an urban area. City was clustered with residential, commercial, offices, and green area which are sandwiched in the middle of the city. The adjacent area is littered with a variety of heritage buildings, horizontal and vertical residential, public and commercial buildings.

With the population of 445,000 in Sentul-Manjalara district of Kuala Lumpur the residents will be increase by another 50,000 people by 2009, and by 2030 the existing public housing at Sentul will be congested as more and more people in rural areas move to the city. With the existing planning of the Sentul cityscape as a Green Urban Park city, it is essential to ensure future development would not eliminate all the green areas.

Thus our proposal of, TROPICOOL @KL: SYMBIOTIC TROPICAL MUSHROOM is a concept to retain and sustain the green area and to develop green urban parks without destroying and losing the meaning of the existing green urban lung.

With all the related issues which would arise in the future, there is an urgent need to begin in developing the new urban park city in 2030 would be like, the new URBAN CITY PARK of Sentul called for design proposals to address the following issues and ideas:

>>The aim of the major planning objectives are; promoting flexibility of uses; emphasizing built form; protecting the environment and promoting the usage of alternative energy sources.

>>To establish a vertical dwelling design that can cope and accommodates the over population at the city but still emphasizing on the life quality, security, community value, and suited to the Malaysia climate.

>>The final design: incorporates building integrated systems: transparent solar panels to make use of free solar energy and natural daylight while optimizing heat losses. Our proposal aims is for new mixed-use buildings aiming at zero conventional energy use.

>>The footprints of the urban park housing are minimized in order to maximize the introduction of landscaping elements, water and vegetation on ground which helps in reducing the green house gasses. In addition, to preserve the existing building heritage on the ground.

>>Minimizing of air and noise pollution by reduce road traffic and setting up a centralized transportation core at the underground subway .On the ground will be 90% used by pedestrian with green parks, free from any individual transportation, still accommodating a public share car concept. A public share car can be utilized in the whole city and it will function like a taxi, but without a driver.

>>Designing the habitat in each colony to strengthen the community and introducing communal space in each community colony to develop a community spirit.

>>Centralized sewer and sanitation on each urban mushroom structure to generate bio-mass energy, which would be channeled to each colony on the mushroom; supplying electricity. Even water resources are provided independently on the urban mushroom supply by rain harvesting on top of the hub. Accordingly, each mushroom is independent and self sustaining and reacts as powered generator to its habitable units.

London New Buses - Aston Martin + Norman Foster

2008-12-28T05:29:00.000-08:00

Architect in auto-design!

Aston Martin and famed Architect Lord Norman Foster have won a competition to re-design London's iconic double-decker buses, which were discontinued three years ago. The mayor of London hopes to have the new buses up and running in time for the London Olympics in 2012. According to the AP, in the Aston / Foster model (above), "Passengers sit on reconstituted leather upholstery while gazing through a glazed roof coated with solar panels to power heat and air conditioning. The rounded bus also boasts wood flooring and a saloon-like lower deck that the architect hopes will create 'a tactile living room feel.'" Critics of the plan have pointed out the cost of the chic new conveyances could amount to $160 million a year.

Michel Rojkind

2008-12-16T11:13:00.001-08:00

"If a design doesn't turn me on, something is wrong. And if i can't imagine myself using the space I'm designing, i won't present it." - Michel Rojkind

Ernstings warehouse by calatrava

2008-12-15T14:58:00.001-08:00

Location:

Coesfeld, Coesfeld (Kreis), North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

FUnction: Warehouse

Static as warehouse, dynamic like a opera house!....

A Block of aluminum like box spreading its 'roller shutter' like a wavy wings welcoming the trucks going in and out!

Mechanical in architecture!

Revolving Door Generating Power

2008-12-12T12:02:00.001-08:00

Harvesting the kinetic energy generated by crowds of people is one of our favorite approaches to renewable energy. Recently Netherlands-based Natuurcafé La Port installed an energy generator in a rotating door, so every time someone walks in for a cup of coffee, they give just a little bit of their energy back to the coffee shop. We keep saying that solving the problem of global warming will require that we open up new doors in the field of renewable energy, but we must admit that we never expected to mean it literally!

The door was part of the refurbishment of the Driebergen-Zeist railway station designed out by architecture firm RAU and built by Boon Edam. The door is expected to generate around 4600 kwh of energy each year, which may not sound like much - but every little bit helps. To enhance the design, the team decided to include a transparent ceiling to show how the system works, and LEDs display the amount of energy that it is generated each time someone walks in the door.

Aon (Amoco) Center, Chicago

2008-12-09T06:11:00.000-08:00

Architects: Edward Durell Stone, Associates The Perkins and Will Partnership.
83 Floors at 346m height.

Cladded with Marble, and this quickly proved to be an unsuitable cladding for the harsh Chicago winters. In 1974, just a year after completion, one of the marble slabs detached from the façade.

Later The entire Building is replaced with Granite.

Casa Mila, The Quarry

2008-11-30T03:18:00.001-08:00

"La Pedrera—'the quarry'—was the name an astounded population gave to this completely unique building. It could be compared with the steep cliff walls in which African tribes build their cave-like dwellings. The wavy facade, with its large pores, reminds one also of an undulating beach of fine sand, formed, for example, by a receding dune. The honeycombs made by industrious bees might also spring to the mind of the observer viewing the snake-like ups-and-downs that run through the whole bulding. In this last secular building which he constructed before devoting all his energies to the Sagrada Familia, Gaudi created a paradox: an artificial but natural building which was simultaneously a summary of all the forms that he has since become famous for. The roof sports an imitation of the bench from Guell Park as well as an ever more impressive series of bizarre chimney stacks."

— Rainer Zervst. Gaudi, 1852-1926, Antoni Gaudi i Cornet Ð A Life Devoted to Architecture. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen Verlag GmbH & Co. KG., 1988. p176.

Casa Balto

2008-11-30T02:58:00.000-08:00

1906, Antonio Gaudi

"Mighty pillars that appear to resemble the feet of some giant elephant are the first thing to meet the eye of the passerby from street level. The roof reminds him of a completely different animal: it is bordered by a jagged line similar to the backbone of a gigantic dinosaur. A facade extends between the two, including a number of small, elegantly curved balconies that seem to stick to the front of the house like birds' nests on the face of the cliff. The facade itself glitters in numerous colours, and small round plates that look like fish scales are let into it. There are no edges or corners here; even the walls are rounded in undulations and have in essence the feel of the smooth skin of a sea serpent about them."

— Rainer Zervst. Gaudi, 1852-1926, Antoni Gaudi i Cornet Ð A Life Devoted to Architecture. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen Verlag GmbH & Co. KG., 1988. p162.

Entrance Fee - 16.50 Euros per person with an audio guide included in the entrance price.

This how making money via Architecture!!!

Sagrada Famillia, (Church of the Holy Family)

2008-11-29T11:37:00.001-08:00

To read more .... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia#Design

Barcelona Cathedral (La Seu)

2008-11-29T11:19:00.000-08:00

Gothic Tower!

The Building

The church is 93m/305ft long and 40m wide. The octagonal clock towers reach a height of more than 50m. They were built between 1386 and 1393. The spire of the central tower reaches a height of 70m or 230ft.The interior consists of one wide nave with 28 side chapels. The crypt contains the sarcophagus of Santa Eulalia. The cathedral also has a beautifully carved choir. A lift in the northeast of the cathedral brings you to the top of the roof of the cathedral.

Cloister

Adjacent to the cathedral is a 14th century cloister. There are always 13 geese in its central courtyard. Each goose represents one year in the life of the martyr Santa Eulalia, a young girl tortured to death in the 4th century by the Romans for her religion. The cloister also contains a small museum with liturgist artifacts.

Regionalism- mature version of International Style

2008-11-11T00:48:00.000-08:00

This Essay is explaining Conflict between International Style and Regionalism does not exist. Regionalism is the later evolution of International Style. Regionalism is a modified result of International Style. Both of this style with mentioned or un-mentioned, draw out the same ideas of modernism, stretches on “function derives form”, celebrating “less is more” clean lines in architecture and technologies that challenging Mother Nature with little or large modifications.

During the avant-garde of modernism spread out the world, critiques from people like Robert Venture pointing out the weakness or incompleteness of Modernism, which glorify “clean” aesthetic, by saying “less is a bore” to strike modernist at that time. Then, this leads to the so called post-modernism to fill up the incompleteness by borrowing elements from the past to design “more” so that it is not a bore. However, this idea did not really cure the wound of modernism, perchance this is just creating a replica architecture and therefore quickly pro-modernism people like Henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson (1966) counter post-modernism with 3 principles of International Style to move on to a more mature modern architecture. Their principles include “Expulsion of Ornamentation” (which is similar to “less is more”, Ludwig Mies Van de Rohe), Expression of Volume (open plan, Le Corbusier), Concerning Regularity (function and form is one, Frank Lloyd Wright) which is a summarized version of Modernism by translating famous quotes from early modernist architects. This compilation of Modern Ideas put International Style to success at the time, and spread out over the world. Although is claimed by Hitchcock and Johnson(1966) that “International Style is not international in the sense that the production of one country is just like that of another”, imitation of this style in fact is “the production of one country is just like that of another”.

However, these theories did not stand long and very soon hacked down by Kenneth Frampton, who criticizes International Style as “placelessness”.

“while we may well remain sceptical as to the merit of grounding critical practice in a concept so hermetically metaphysical as Being, we are when confronted with the ubiquitous placelessness of our modern environment,...” (Frampton, 1983, P.24)

Addition to the point of “placelessness”, International Style contributes an “Identitylessness” modern architecture. Another Kenneth from Malaysia, who is better known as Ken Yeang, presented 3 images in his book “Tropical Urban Regionalism: Building in a South-East Asian City” reveals the “identitylessness”, and Yeang (1987, P.8) state: “Style importation changed many developing Asian cities into places that deny their cultural roots. They appear homogeneous and could be anywhere. Expedient response of building global architecture destroyed the regional environments. Variety and complexity of streets and buildings with no identity and context. Skylines and streetscapes have become universal.”

Figure 1 Skyline of Singapore, Sydney and Kuala Lumpur (Yeang, 1987, p. 8-9)

From these two points, “placeslessness” and “identitylessness” reveal the incompleteness and lack of deepened meaning in International Style. This however, did not trigger off regionalists to reject International Style but critically tackle the sense of “placelessness” by injecting it with references of culture, topography and climate (Frampton, 1983). Regionalism Architecture accepts the 3 Principles of International Style but do not glorify it, use it as fundamental aesthetical design theories. Regionalism emphasises on building with genius loci and identity of specific region. In another words, a building that is identify as regionalism cannot move to the other site like Mies Van de Rohe did in his Masterpeice, Barcelona Pavilion.

“One tree House” by Design Network Architects (DNA), although did not claimed by the Architect as a paragon of Regionalism, it clearly illustrate how to create a “placeful” and “identityful” piece of architecture. The house catches the genius loci of the site (the tree), and house is planned to embraced the tree – with two wings; one for the kids and one for mum and dad, emphasises on the connection with the site which is the base/ foundation in forming the house plan. Additional to the “placeful’ architecture, the house is orientated to the Vistas of Surau(prayer hall for Muslim, which have a role like a church in a Christian community).

Figure 2 “One Tree House”, Site Plan, Kuching, Malaysia, (DNA 2008)

The building form of “One Tree House” speaks the identity of the place. The humble built form is derived not only from its function, but also respond to local climate. This house displays all the hallmarks of tropical architecture; the steeply pitched roof, the deep overhangs, sun-louvers and screens. Further, this house stresses on the identity of “kampong” (Malay village). “The simple gable roof-form of the house and its low front fence is in keeping with its neighbours, which are made up of kampong dwellings.” (DNA 2008)

Figure 3 “One Tree House”, Schematic Section, Kuching, Malaysia, (DNA 2008)

Figure 4 “One Tree House”, site context, Kuching, Malaysia, (DNA 2008)

In this paragon of Regionalism Architecture, principles of International Style did not be mentioned, however it does exist. First of all, the house could be use as an example to explain Architecture as Volumne. The house is build with concrete as the structure and then covered with glazing and bricks as the building envelope. Massive masonry load-bearing wall is excluded or even not being considered during the material choosing process. Reason for this is because of influence from International Style.

Secondly “regularity rather than axial symmetry serves as the chief means of ordering design”, which is also means “Function in most types of contemporary building is more directly expressed in asymmetrical form.”(Hitchcock and Johnson, 1966 P.20 & P.60) Figure below, Red Green Blue, appears in asymmetry, in different forms and they express different functions, yet strongly expressing Identity of a Malay Family, Parents Bedroom and Living room (in Red Block) have the highest hierarchy over the other spaces like Kitchen, Laundry and Kids’ bedrooms (in Blue Block).

Figure 5 “One Tree House”, Aerial View, Kuching, Malaysia, 2008.

Lastly, ornamentation element such as crafting (usually seen in Malay House), does not exist in this house. Façade kept clean as to form, and forms are formed as its function required (the pitch roof to drain heavy rain in tropical climate, and deep overhang to avoid over heating in the evening). This modern house presents Identities of the client and the region by applying essences of vernacular architecture which respond to local climate and by truly understanding the culture of the client and their community, rather than direct replica of traditional elements into the house to identify the client. In summary, regionalism does not reject International style, indeed a complement element to International Style with climate responsive element, understanding the culture of client, and embracing genius loci of the site.

On the other hand, Alvar Aalto, a Finn Architect who practices International Style in his early career and described as a regionalist later in the mature age. In year 1928, Alvar Aalto gets himself in the list of International Style with Turun Sanomat Newspaper Office, demonstrating excellent design in coherent with the 3 Principles of International Style. In the mentioned office building, Aaltor presents a clean façade with no single ornamentation element like pilaster, or Corinthian column. Adding to it, Aaltor designs a serious of ribbon windows expressing levels and volumes of the building.

Figure 6 “Turun Sanomat Newspaper Office Building”, Front Facade, Turku,(Pearson 1928)

Aalto continues to explore and experiment International Style in many of his projects. This lead to Aalto developed his own interpretation of International Style in his later career. This explained by Pearson (p.148) that Aalto is started to depart from the mainstream of modernism when he developed the four modes of changes which are, “the planning and sitting of buildings”, “the manipulation of volumes and shapes”, “the employment of textural effects”, and “the creation of special details to complete an effect founded on the previous three”. However, this is only the earlier stage of Aalto after many years of experimenting international style. Later, Pearson(p.151) personally thinks that Aalto rejects International Style and Pearson(p.151) provided evidence to support his statement which is the quote from Aalto’s statement “the trouble with the rational style was that the rationalism didn’t go deep enough”. Adding to his point, Pearson(p.151) shows an example on the departure of Aalto from International Style, which is Aalto’s Masterpiece, The Villa Mairea at Noormarkku.

Villa Mairea has clearly claims Aalto as a Regionalist. Aalto established his concern on the connection to site. In respond to “forest wall”, being natural setting of site, Aalto proposed an L-shape Plan to create a courtyard in between for summer activities. When into detail, colours and textures of material chosen reflect identity of site and the villa being a summer house within a forest setting. In spite of this, Villa Mairea does not show the rejection of International Style in Aalto’s design. The 3 Principles of International Style are still underlying in Villa Meira. Aalto’s masterpiece continues celebrating volume rather than mass. The villa is built by skeletal structure covered up by building skin rather than massive load bearing wall. In additional to this principle, Aalto indeed creates “placefulness’ of the villa by interacting with “forest wall” to create a courtyard (volume) for summer activities. Beyond this point, different forms at the façade are explaining the function of its space. The Poles supporting a protruding block defines the Entrance, and the protruding block identifies Studio as the dominant space. Though, people might claims that Villa Mairea does not have clean lines like typical International Building, Villa Mairea is presenting the principle of “Expulsion of Ornamentation” with its variety of pure form and pure texture of the material. The ornamentation applied is the natural texture of material instead of crafting elements borrowed from classicism.

Figure 7 “Villa Mairea”, Site Plan, 1937 (http://cti.itc.virginia.edu)

Figure 8 Right, “Villa Mairea”, Front View, 1937 (http://www.kultureflash.net)

In conclusion, DNA focuses on presenting Identity of the client, and embracing the genius loci in designing “one tree house”. This design scheme was formed by genius loci, local climate, client’s behaviors, and client’s origin. Although this scheme being very regionalism, traces of international style is still visible. Principles of International Style became theories in their design. Same principles for aesthetical value which is equivalent to design theories like “two points form a line” or “figure and ground” but adding approach of revealing the ‘place’ and the ‘identity’

Alvar Aalto on the other hand, undoubtedly shows the transition of an Architect, from learning and practicing International Style to then develop into Regionalism. The changes of Aalto happen when he truly understands the aesthetic of International Style and the lacking of meaning of it which are the leads to “placeslessness” and “identitylessness” in Architecture. He said “the trouble with the rational style was that the rationalism didn’t go deep enough”, strongly explains the rejection of International Style did not happen, but a deepened philosophy of International Style had born.

In another words, rather to say International Style and Regionalism has conflict to each other, indeed it is more appropriate to say International Style is the process to regionalism. When looking back into history, we understand that art movements are usually last for a few hundred years before getting mature because a lot of experiment is needed to find out the problem, weakness or the incompleteness of it. For instances, Renaissance last about 200 years from 14^th century till 16^th century, it took about 100 years to developed into a mature understanding after being tested and tested over again. Hence for, Modernism as like Renaissance, keep developing from the early 19^th century till now, and getting to is mature after testing with new principles. These principles include post-modernism that is borrowing element from history, and 3 principles of International Style suggested by Hitchcock and Johnson. Therefore, International Style belongs to process in modernism, being tested and evolves to regionalism, a meaningful architecture.

Organic Machine- Tree House

2008-11-07T01:57:00.000-08:00

Design Statment:
Organic Machine, Making your Nature, and Nature your Making.

A machine like structure protruding out from the trees, forming part of the trees, creating spaces in the trees.

Wall taking reference from the branches of trees, repeating on 5 sides of the cube sloping down to the corner. Many first impression of this is, why is the building tend to fall? The initial idea is to create a flat roof (to keep the joints simple), at the same time allow water to run off due to local tropical climate.

The meaning behind this "fall" that did not spoken to client is the sculpture to see what people think about the battle of "Mankind power vs Natural Forces" (the anti Gravity).

Up to this time, many reacts to find the structure should have sit still and not tend to fall, and not fallen. !

But, the question is, ... should Man dominant it.?

Maritime Youth House

2008-10-29T18:51:00.000-07:00

ROJECT : MARITIME YOUTH HOUSE
LOCATION : SUNDBY HARBOUR, COPENHAGEN, DK (AMAGER STANDVEJ 13)
SIZE : 2000 M2
BUDGET : 1 170 000 €
TYPE : INVITED COMPETITION, 1ST PRIZE
STATUS : COMPLETION JUNE 2004
CLIENT : KVARTERLØFT GOVERNMENTAL CITY RENEWAL PROJECT, LOKALE OG
ANLÆGSFONDEN, THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT FOND
COLLABORATORS: PLOT, JDS + BIG

PROJECT TEAM:
JULIEN DE SMEDT,
BJARKE INGELS, ANNETTE JENSEN, FINN NØRKJÆR, HENNING STÜBEN, JØRN JENSEN, MADS H LUND, MARC JAY, NINA TER-BORCH

CONSULTANTS: BIRCH & KROGBOE A/S: JESPER GUDMAN, STRUKTUR

CONCEPT:
The concept of the project is that instead of using 1/4 of the project's
budget, originally allocated by the client to cleaning the polluted soil of the site, we discovered that the pollution was heavy metals and therefore stable. So if you didn't reach the ground you wouldn't have to remove/clean it... we then decided to lay out a wooden deck on the entirety of the site.
Thus spending money for architecture/program/effect rather than invisible
waste.

Two clients had to share the facilities: a sail club and a youth house. Their
desires were opposite: the youth house wanted outdoor space for the kids to
play, the sail club needed most of the site to park their boats... the
building is the literal results of our negotiations with these 2
contradictory demands: when the deck bubbles up it allows for boat storage
underneath, still letting the kids run/play above...

The interior of the building is very basic, with one major characteristic: the front house, which is used as common room and where most of the daily activities take place, is more luxurious than the workshop and storage building on the back corner, but still in a very puritan way. The difference is that the floor in the workshop is a standard grey concrete while in the community space it’s a white concrete with white stones. The presence of hard surfaces everywhere on the inside is meant as a contrast to the wooden exterior, almost like an inversion of what is commonly done (wood indoor, asphalt outdoor). This is reflecting the dominance of outdoor activities of the youth house. The actual ‘room’ of the Maritime Youth house IS the wooden deck… it englobes all the programs, indoor and outdoor.

Montenegro Residences by BIG

2008-10-16T15:50:00.000-07:00

"The Montenegro Terraces are located in a scenic bay between Budva og Svedi Stefan. The site is located on a steep incline and incorporates 8,000 m2 of holiday homes.

In an effort to combine maximum density with minimum impact we created the residential architecture by turning the topography in to the masterplan. Like a naturally generated desgin we made every 4th topoline the facade of a terrace house. The facades follow the natural curvature of the mountain terrain providing large private gardens with apnaromic views of Aegean Sea.

The result is a landscape of inhabited ricefields. Topography as architecture."

Simple concept, but couldn't agree more to it. Topography as architecture, as a paragon of Organic Architecture.

"So here I stand before you preaching organic architecture: declaring organic architecture to be the modern ideal and the teaching so much needed if we are to see the whole of life, and to now serve the whole of life, holding no traditions essential to the great TRADITION. Nor cherishing any preconceived form fixing upon us either past, present or future, but instead exalting the simple laws of common sense or of super-sense if you prefer determining form by way of the nature of materials..." - Frank Lloyd Wright, An Organic Architecture, 1939

This, aesthetic is to appreciate from the inside, which is the exact function of the built environment. For being used, not being seen. deeply intergrate with the Genius Loci( the steep incline clif-like hill) on the other hand capture the most essential element of the Site, blue sea which a total horizon.

Leaf Chapel by Klein Dytham Architects

2008-10-15T14:18:00.000-07:00

Leaf Chapel or some call it Wedding Chapel . Poetic place created for romantic event, forget about the form and forget about grand, being romantic, being poetic this is architecture.

Take the idea from Church on water, bringing the nature into the chapel rather than pulling out to it, because the most beautiful scene is to be seen is out of it, not in it

Design Statement Retrieved from http://www.klein-dytham.com worth to explore.

The Leaf chapel sits within the grounds of the Risonare hotel resort in Kobuchizawa, a refreshingly green setting with beautiful views to the southern Japanese Alps, Yatsugatuke peaks and Mt.Fuji.

The chapel is formed by 2 leaves - one glass, one steel - which have seemingly fluttered to the ground. The glass leaf with its delicate lace pattern motif emulates a pergola and the structure holding it up reminds one of the veins of a leaf which slowly become thinner the further they get from the central stem.

The white steel leaf, perforated with 4700 holes, each of which hold an acrylic lens, is similar to bride's veil made of delicate lace. Light filters through the lenses and projects a lace pattern onto the white fabric inside.

At the end of the ceremony when the groom lifts the bride’s veil for the legendary kiss the ‘steel veil’ magically opens too, revealing the pond and the enchanting nature beyond.

11 OCT DINNER

2008-10-12T08:20:00.000-07:00

The Unbuilt Guggenheim, Manhanttan

2008-08-31T08:54:00.000-07:00

Manhattan has been a backwater of modern architectural design for more than a generation, indeed, with few exceptions such as the Lever House and the Seagram and Citicorp Center Buildings, and the United Nations complex, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum on Fifth Avenue since World War II.

Now the Guggenheim museum has offered to erect a gigantic and ultra-modern mixed-use complex with museum, shown above in a model on view at the Fifth Avenue museum, on the East River waterfront in Lower Manhattan south of the South Street Seaport. It has been designed by Frank Gehry, whose sprawling, sinuous and silvery project for the same museum in Bilbao, Spain, completed in 1999, has been widely hailed as one of the very greatest buildings of the 20th Century.

Unfortunately, the museum, which was encountering financial difficulties, abandoned this ambitious plan at the end of 2002.

Gehry is widely recognized as the greatest living architect whose combination of plastic, poetic and high-tech designs have broken the rigid hold of rectilinear design that has dominated most modern architecture until very recently. (Some expressionistic architects like Mendelsohn experimental with curves early in the century, some super Art Deco-skyscrapers like the Chrysler and Chanin Buildings and the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and 570 Lexington Avenue were initiated in the late 1920s and some angled buildings have been erected by some Deconstructivists in the 1990's, but these are rather rare exceptions.)

Gehry's work is very complex but also inviting and just plain spectacular. There have, of course, been some very fine "conventional," "corporate" designs of considerable refinement erected in recent decades by Kohn Pedersen Fox, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, I. M. Pei & Partners and Cesar Pelli and some flamboyant structures by Helmut Jahn and some quite complex works by Peter Eisenman, among others, as well as very fine and interesting projects by Arquitectonica, Legoretta, Eric Owen Moss and S.I.T.E., but none have had the glamour and glory of Gehry's recent work that employs silvery metals and computer modeling to achieve very intriguing designs. The Japanese stable of articles is formidable and Arata Isozaki, Kenzo Tange and Shin Takematsu are just the most obvious of many fabulous architectural talents that have dominating the architectural world for a generation and there is a new generation of European architects that also show great promise including Daniel Liebeksind, whose work now places him second only to Gehry in the race for title of most innovative and dramatic designer of memorable spaces.

The state of architecture world-wide, indeed, is at an historic high, but Manhattan, despite the presence of many very fine architects, remains a back-water, mired in Not-In-My-Back Yard community activists and virtual design ignorance on the part of most of its political leaders.

The new Guggenheim-Gehry proposal is sensational, which is not to say perfect, and desperately needed for New York to both demonstrate that it can once again foster great design and to give a significant boost to Lower Manhattan.

Lower Manhattan was the city's main corporate center until after World War II and the start of a major exodus to midtown and, worse, the suburbs. By the start of the 1960's, the downtown office market was in dire trouble despite the fact that it boasted the world's most famous and romantic skyline. David Rockefeller, then head of the Chase Bank, tried to stem the exodus by erecting a huge new headquarters, One Chase Manhattan Plaza, but its great bulk and boxy design severely clashed with the existing skyline, but it was sufficient to reduce the flow out of the market and would lead to the far greater black skyscraper nearby at 120 Broadway, both designed by S. O. M. The state and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey also recognized the need to bolster downtown and the authority would erect in the early 1970's the twin towers of the World Trade Center and use its excavated material to create a huge landfill adjacent to it along the Hudson River that would become Battery Park City. With 10 million square feet of office space, however, the World Trade Center depressed the downtown office market for some time and the original bold designs for the landfill development were significantly modified and toned down. In the 1980's, however, Olympia & York, the Canadian developers, won the contract for the major commercial section of Battery Park City and commissioned Cesar Pelli to design its World Financial Center, a huge cluster of large office buildings, all with different rooftops and mixed-facades with a spectacular, enormous skylit Wintergarden as its centerpiece fronting on a large-yacht marina. While the development of the rest of Battery Park City has been accomplished according to design guidelines developed by Alexander Cooper and Stanton Eckstut that tried to recreate the niceties of good pre-war residential construction in the city, the result has been very pleasing but still conventional - such a result, of course, could be considered exciting and excellent given the city's poor record in quality design, but some admirers of modern design considered it a lost opportunity.

In the 1970s, some very interesting mid-size office buildings were erected by the William Kaufman Organization on the east side of Lower Manhattan - 77 Water Street and 127 John Street, and a bit later, the beautiful curved, reflective glass tower at 17 State Street, but these paled in comparison with the scale of the silvery twin towers of the World Trade Center, the strong vertical piers of One Chase Manhattan Plaza, and the ungainliness of the huge tower at 60 Wall Street for the Morgan bank.

In the meantime, the South Street Seaport struggled to expand throughout the 1970's and 1980s and become a very nice but not terribly successful tourist attraction. Once Battery Park City had been launched, city planners envisioned a similar development along the East River south of the South Street Seaport, a project that was known as Manhattan Landing and would have erected several major office towers and possibly some residential uses on landfill in the East River.

Despite all this rather significant activity, downtown's health was precarious as landlords were only able to obtain rents that were a good 20 to 25 percent below those in Midtown as many workers found getting to downtown added to their commute and downtown did not have comparable shopping, dining and transportation amenities. The stock market crash of 1987 gave downtown a major shock and by the early 1990s many older office buildings there began to be converted to residential uses. That trend was quite healthy in that it preserved many wonderful older builders and significantly reinforced and expanded downtown's residential component, attracting more amenities and making it a more rounded "community" that did not shut down at 5PM. The boom of the late 1990s, however, coupled with the lack of new construction, halted that trend and some conversion plans were withdrawn as the office market and office rents tightened considerably.

Meanwhile, the city got in a large battle with New Jersey over Ellis Island, eventually losing most of it and the city also got mired in plans to redevelop Governor's Island, just off the tip of Lower Manhattan near Brooklyn where plans to significantly upgrade DUMBO, the waterfront area in Brooklyn across from Lower Manhattan between the Brooklyn and Manhattan Bridges, got mired.

In 1999, the Guggenheim Museum, flush with world-wide praise for its new museum in Bilbao, Spain, designed by Gehry, and under the very dynamic leadership of its director, Thomas Krens, proposed an immense mixed-use project for the former Manhattan Landing site that would be designed by Gehry.

The city's response was to ask for other proposals and in September, 2000, it was still considered the Guggenheim proposal and another one that proposed a hotel and office complex. The second proposal's designs have not been publicly shown, but the Guggenheim opened a spectacular exhibition at its Fifth Avenue museum of its proposal.

One could say that downtown's great skyline of the 1930's was ruined by much of the post-war development, although the pleasant towers of the World Financial Center did mitigate somewhat the imbalance created by the World Trade Center's twin towers.

The Guggenheim/Gehry plan will, if built, usher in a new era for downtown while shifting the balance of interest quite a lot to the east side of Lower Manhattan. This is no small plan, but a very flamboyant project of great magnitude that will be highly visible for not only will parts of reach be about 40-stories high, containing condominium apartments or offices, but it will several blocks long on the river side of the East River Drive with very broad, curved open plazas and esplanades beneath its flurling canopy of silver-colored, asymmetrical, curved museum spaces.

When the Whitney Museum of American Art initiated its "satellite" museums in the 1970s in such places as the first floor of the Philip Morris Building on Park Avenue across from Grand Central and in the basement of the castle-like office building known as Federal Reserve Plaza downtown, they were fine but conventional, box-like spaces and not terribly large.

The Guggenheim/Gehry project is huge and will contain more than a half-million square feet of space, but that figure is deceiving as most of this space will contain very high ceilings and thus be a much large structure than a conventional half-million-square-foot office building.

The Guggenheim Museum's Frank Lloyd Wright building on Fifth Avenue has been attracting visitors for more than four decades to gawk at and admire its daring inverted spiral rotunda design.

A world landmark, it is very, very modest in comparison with the new Gehry museum. Gehry's Bilbao Museum has probably attracted more interest and attention than any new building in the world since the Chrysler Building and its silvery spire was unveiled in 1931.

The museum's exhibition on the proposed downtown Gehry-designed museum is overwhelming in its inclusion of hundreds of preparatory studies, sketches and models and it includes a very large model of the present design as well as a very large model of Lower Manhattan with the museum project model in place, in scale, shown below. The latter model of downtown is in wood, but the museum project model on it is silver-colored.

Some unusual buildings have different facades on their four principal sides so that views of it have perhaps 16 or so different representations. The Gehry design explodes such architectural simplicity and will look different from hundreds of different angles and it will absolutely change the experience of driving along the FDR drive as it rises to its full height at its edge with the elevated highway creating a very dramatic canyon.

More importantly, the promenades along the river and the interior spaces are likely to become the city's most sensational architectural experiences. Gehry's recent designs are great sculptural art, imbued with the energy of Kandinsky, the metallic skins of David Smith and Brancusi and the imaginativeness of Piranesi and Gaudi. Because of their scale and complexity, they offer even richer experiences and make the public art of architecture truly a great art form. The great Gothic cathedrals enthrall, awe and enchant, but Gehry's new spatial environments entice, intrigue and bewilder. Bewilderment, as opposed to mere confusion or chaos, is not easy to find or define, in terms of architecture, or the other arts. Architecture is not just about facades, or interiors, but is multi-faceted and interactive with the viewer and user. Surprise has always been a good architect's tool, the processional fusillade of doors that ends in a giant room, or a meandering arcade that ends into a grotto. It is the disorienting adventure that opens up the user's perspective and mindsets, that encourages environmental shifts and emotional departures. These are the guts of Gehry's designs, the substance that many designers dream of and rarely create, the spatial shifts that are exciting but not extraneous, or mere folly.

Much has been written recently of Krens's magisterial, megalomaniac kingdom-building as if he were a sane, but brash Ludwig. Ambitious and very intelligent, Krens at least has visions, grand visions, and unfortunately most New Yorkers have not for a long time have not had the latter. Still, the recreation of Times Square in barely a decade after many years of neglect and despair has kindled hopes that the city need not be static and may be able to compete and regain its pride as the exciting center of the world.

What is quite extraordinary is one source familiar with the project has indicated that the Guggenheim already has very, very significant funds committed to this specific project from outside New York as well as commitments of significant private art collections specifically for it.

Despite its gargantuan scale, the project may well be realizable in the very near future, if, of course, the city gets off its duff and approves it.

None of the public discussions and reports so far have bothered to recall the city planners' previous Manhattan Landing plan for the site. The old plans were rather conventional in nature but at least large-scale, even larger than the Guggenheim/Gehry plan. Given the wonderful new vistas of architectural drama that are sprouting around the world, new plans are called for and it is exceeding doubtful that the city planners and other developers would come up with anything to rival the Guggenheim/Gehry proposal in concept.

It is, of course, the responsibility of the Guiliani Administration to protect the best interests of the city and to not make special deals that preclude fair competition. At the same time, history has demonstrated time and again that "requests for proposals" often lead to decisions based on immediate direct economic return as well as to a very long development cycle due to community involvement and environmental reviews and the like and that architectural merits and quality often are not given their due priority.

It should be clear to most reasonable people that a grandiose facility like the Guggenheim/Gehry proposal would pyrotechnically alter downtown. It would become an incredible magnet for tourists from around the world and the nation and would therefore greatly boost the livelihood of the adjacent South Street Seaport as well as revitalize all of Downtown, which is sorely lacking in cultural amenities.

In the fall of 2000, the Giuliani Administration apparently is preoccupied with a plan to build a sports stadium over the exposed, open train yards to the west of the former General Post Office Building that is planned to be converted partially into an expanded Penn Station. That plan completely overlook and ignores a prior plan by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority to build a massive, mixed-use development of residential and commercial towers over the yards, a plan that would significantly enhance the resurgent Chelsea neighborhood immediately to the south and hark back to the brilliance of the Terminal City plan that created Grand Central Terminal by surrounding it with high quality hotels and office buildings. These plans are complicated, of course, by the city's perceived needs to expand the Javits Convention Center to the north and recent published reports have indicated that many planners believe that the city's shortage of available development sites requires a coordinated plan and one that focuses strongly on the Far West Midtown area.

A new sports arena should not be largely subsidized by the city and even more importantly should not be cited over the West Side train yards. Thought should be given to other locations where it will have less impact on traffic and more long-term economic development potential for the city. Ideally, one should have been considered for Battery Park City and perhaps still could be. Other sites that should be strongly considered are Central Park North, the Lower East Side, East Harlem and Harlem or Randall's Island, or even East River locations in Brooklyn or Queens. In no case, of course, should it be a giveaway to the owner of a professional sports team, but a world-class, spectacular facility that will provide real revenues to the city from its users as well as being capable of accommodating many uses. In short, it should follow the architectural lead of the Guggenheim/Gehry proposal and provide the city with a very major new landmark of great distinction.

The Guggenheim/Gehry proposal, moreover, is real and at hand and should be the focus of the Guiliani Administration's development attention.

It is not, however, something that should be swallowed whole immediately.

Unlike the Bilbao project, this Gehry design seems a bit wild, or rather, ungainly. Wildness is by no means a negative in design. The Bilbao design, however, "comes together" in a grand, albeit abrupt, way and its thrusts and waves and curves seem to make some sort of visually organic sense.

The downtown scheme, on the other hand, appears much more haphazard, and even hazardly in its swoops and loops and exploded tower. Without doubt, Gehry has fashioned wild and wonderful interiors that justify this almost amorphous project, and without doubt Gehry is absolutely competent and capable of tinkering with the design a bit more. It needs a bit of taming. The basic notion of huge, silvery ribbons cascading as if in rapids is fine, but the very large advertising signs at the north end and the rather strange tower are not in context with the rest of the design, nor the surroundings. One would have thought that Gehry might place the project's tower at the end closest to the South Street Seaport and applied a bit of Deconstructivist flourishes to conjure the tall masts of old sailing ships about its pinnacle or whatever. Also the northernmost and southermost components of the project are treated different architecturally, and therefore appear rather awkward.

Apart from the sensational façade treatment, which hopefully will have equally spectacular illumination effects at night, the greatest aspect of the design would appear to be the very, very large esplanades/promenades along and into the East River not far south from the Brooklyn Bridge.

The thought of these great, curved esplanades, of course, suggests the need for the city to do something about their vistas, that is, to encourage the development of really spectacular new landmarks on the other side of the river. Apparently, the city is not going to give Governor's Island to the United Nations for a major new project (see The City Review article), but the Brooklyn waterfront just to the south of the Brooklyn Heights esplanade surely has plenty of development potential and other areas in downtown Brooklyn could hopefully become the site of a few more great towers so that Brooklyn's great Williamsburg Savings Bank Tower will not be its own great skyscraper.

Certain projects by merits of the strength of their design become defining "moments" for their cities. The Eiffel Tower, of course, for Paris. "Big Ben" and the Houses of Parliament for London. Trinity Church, the Woolworth Building, the demolished Singer Building, the MetLife Building on Madison Square Park, The Empire State Building and the Chrysler Buildings in New York, for example, as well as Rockefeller Center, Grand Central Terminal and the United Nations - projects that escalate the ambiance, style and ambitions as well as pride of the city.

Not all such projects are immediately or forever successful as history has shown, but their contribution to the city is incalculable, or at least obviously extremely beneficial. The Solomon/Gehry proposal, even if not modified as suggested above, is such a project that will catapult the redevelopment of such long neglected areas as the Lower East Side and much of Brooklyn and do so with an exceeding high and exciting design standard.

The legacy of the Guiliani Administration depends on this project.

Tor Vergata University (Roma II) by Santiago Calatrava

2008-08-31T02:30:00.000-07:00

Ground has been broken for a new Campus Master Plan, Sports City and Rectorate Tower.

Located to the east of central Rome, Tor Vergata University currently has a 1,480 acre campus serving 38,700 students in six schools: economics, law, engineering, arts and humanities, medicine and science.

Calatrava’s master plan for the campus, conceived with conscious reference to the Circus Maximus, is designed as a long promenade, bordered along its entire length by a double row of cypresses. At one end will be the new Sports City; at the other, the Rectorate of Tor Vergata University. A large urban park, linking the University with Sports City, will become a forum for meetings and social and cultural events.
Other buildings, to be developed later, will ultimately line the avenue, providing accommodations for students and housing new university faculties.

Sports City, to be developed in an area close to the Torrenova access to the Rome-Naples highway, will be comprised of two identical fan-shaped pavilions, arranged symmetrically, and a series of external infrastructure works to complete and complement the development. One of the pavilions will house the multi-purpose arena (Palasport); the other will accommodate the swimming pools (Palanuoto). The buildings will be functionally independent and therefore able to host different events at the same time.

The Palanuoto/Palasport complex will also contain gymnasia, laboratories, classrooms, teaching facilities, and a fitness and rehabilitation center, as well as offices and shops. Externally, the sporting area will be rounded off with a track for track and field events and an open-air swimming pool.

The essential element of the Rectorate, to be located at the opposite end of the main axis, is a tower, configured as a spiral winding around itself to produce a unified space that appears to stretch upward. The tower’s vertical profile is accentuated by metallic columns, which both constitute the structure and mark its shape. The design is transparent, so that the tower can draw light from the surrounding glazed surfaces and also (when illuminated at night) become a light source in itself.

A harmonious whole will be achieved in the campus by the presence of water, which will be a constant feature around the buildings and throughout the park. All architecture along the central promenade will be characterized by the transparency of the buildings, with alternating solid surfaces and glazed sections creating softly diffused light in the interiors and striking lighting effects externally, accentuated by reflections from the water. The landscaping will create a familiar setting, with the use of Mediterranean species such as cluster pines, false acacias and olive trees.

Sports City is scheduled for completion in time for the World Swimming Championships, to be hosted by Rome in 2009.

Client: Tor Vergata University (Roma II)
Architect: Santiago Calatrava LLC

Digital Beijing by Studio Pei Zhu Urbanus

2008-08-31T02:08:00.000-07:00

Digital Beijing

Beijing Olympic Park

Beijing, People's Republic of China

Studio Pei Zhu / Urbanus 2007

The building, located on the northern end of the cities central axis, servea as the control and data center for the 2008 Olympic Games. At other times it will accommodate a virtual museum and an exhibition center for manufacturers of digital products.

The concept for Digital Beijing was developed through reconsideration and reflection on the role of contemporary architecture in the information era. Unlike its neighbors, PTW’s Water Cube and Herzog & de Meuron’s Bird’s Nest, Digital Beijing looks to use simple building construction and materials. A dark stone, quarried in the northern part of China, covers most of the exterior, with a glass curtain wall covering the east façade.

In contrast, the interior is covered with a composite fiberglass material develop by the architect.

In the future, it is expected that the building will be constantly under renovation as it evolves to keep pace with technology.

The project has been widely regarded as one of the great, yet unknown, structures on the Olympic campus, but also has its critics:

"Next door is Digital Beijing, an ominous-sounding "data and control centre" by the Chinese architect Pei Zhu. It is shaped, cheesily, like a mainframe computer from the 1960s, cut with linear glass strips evoking a circuit board. Four gloomy stone slabs, divided by glass atria, do an excellent Orwellian Ministry of Truth impression. It's slightly less spirit-crushing inside." - Tom Dyckhoff of Times Online

Shang Hai Ren Building By Bjarke Ingels

2008-08-29T17:07:00.001-07:00

Architecture in China never ceases to amaze us—case in point—the REN Building. Copenhagen’s Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) proposed this eye-catching design over a year ago to coincide with Shanghai’s “Better City, Better Life” 2010 World Expo . The building takes its form from the Chinese character for person 人 (”ren”) and combines two buildings (one symbolic of mind and the other symbolic of body). We love the poetic inspiration that reflects both site and cultural sensitivity.

“The first building, emerging from the water, is devoted to the activities of the body, and houses the sports and water culture center. The second building emerging from land, is devoted to the spirit and enlightenment, and houses the conference center and meeting facilities. The two buildings meet in a 1000 room hotel, a building for living.”

It’ll be exciting to see if the plans for the project are approved. Check out more views and an animated fly-through of the project below.

Serpentine Gallery Pavilion by Frank Gehry

2008-08-28T19:54:00.000-07:00

Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2008
Designed by Frank Gehry
20 July – 19 October

The Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2008, which gives England the first built project by legendary architect Frank Gehry, is now open to the public. The spectacular structure – designed and engineered in collaboration with Arup – is anchored by four massive steel columns and is comprised of large timber planks and a complex network of overlapping glass planes that create a dramatic, multi-dimensional space. Gehry and his team took inspiration for this year’s Pavilion from a fascinating variety of sources including the elaborate wooden catapults designed by Leonardo da Vinci as well as the striped walls of summer beach huts. Part-amphitheatre, part-promenade, these seemingly random elements make a transformative place for reflection and relaxation by day, and discussion and performance by night.

The Serpentine Gallery Pavilion series, now entering its ninth year, is the world’s first and most ambitious architectural programme of its kind, and is one of the most anticipated events in the international design calendar.

Frank Gehry said: 'The Pavilion is designed as a wooden timber structure that acts as an urban street running from the park to the existing Gallery. Inside the Pavilion, glass canopies are hung from the wooden structure to protect the interior from wind and rain and provide for shade during sunny days. The Pavilion is much like an amphitheatre, designed to serve as a place for live events, music, performance, discussion and debate. As the visitor walks through the Pavilion they have access to terraced seating on both sides of the urban street. In addition to the terraced seating there are two elevated seating pods, which are accessed around the perimeter of the Pavilion. These pods serve as visual markers enclosing the street and can be used as stages, private viewing platforms and dining areas.'

Julia Peyton-Jones, Director, and Hans Ulrich Obrist, Co-Director said:
'It is an exciting moment for London. Frank Gehry’s visionary Pavilion is remarkable and will be a landmark for the city this summer.'

The Pavilion is the architect’s first built structure in England. He has collaborated for the first time with his son Samuel Gehry. Since 2001, Peter Rogers, Director of Stanhope, has donated his expertise to all aspects of the Serpentine Gallery Pavilions and he continues to play a major role. The Pavilion is a fully accessible public space in the Royal Park of Kensington Gardens, attracting up to 250,000 visitors every Summer and is accompanied by an ambitious programme of public talks and events.

Frank Gehry
Raised in Toronto, Canada, Frank Gehry moved to Los Angeles in 1947. He received his Bachelor of Architecture degree from the University of Southern California in 1954, and studied City Planning at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design. In subsequent years, Gehry has built an architectural career that has spanned four decades and produced public and private buildings in America, Europe and Asia. His work has earned him several of the most significant awards in the architectural field, including the Arnold W. Brunner Memorial Prize in Architecture, the Pritzker Architecture Prize, the Wolf Prize in Art (Architecture), the Praemium Imperiale Award, the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Award, the National Medal of Arts, the Friedrich Kiesler Prize, the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal and the Royal Institute of British Architects Gold Medal. Recent projects include the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in Bilbao, Spain; Maggie’s Centre, a cancer patient care centre in Dundee, Scotland; and the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California. Some current projects include the Lou Ruvo Alzheimer Center in Las Vegas, Nevada; the Princeton Science Library in Princeton, New Jersey; the Hall Winery in Napa Valley, California; and the Puente de Vida Museo in Panama City, Panama.

Arup
Arup has worked on many of the Pavilions commissioned by Julia Peyton-Jones. Arup collaborated with Gehry Partners LLP to help evaluate the design strategies, choice of materials and structural typology of the 2008 Pavilion. Arup is also providing the engineering and specialist design on the project. The Arup team includes David Glover, and Ed Clark with Cecil Balmond.

Serpentine Gallery Pavilion Commission

The Serpentine Gallery Pavilion commission was conceived by Serpentine Gallery Director, Julia Peyton-Jones, in 2000. It is an ongoing programme of temporary structures by internationally acclaimed architects and individuals. It is unique worldwide and presents the work of an international architect or design team who, at the time of the Serpentine Gallery's invitation, has not completed a building in England. The Pavilion architects to date are: Olafur Eliasson and Kjetil Thorsen, 2007; Rem Koolhaas and Cecil Balmond, with Arup, 2006; Álvaro Siza and Eduardo Souto de Moura with Cecil Balmond, Arup, 2005; MVRDV with Arup, 2004 (un-realised); Oscar Niemeyer, 2003; Toyo Ito with Arup, 2002; Daniel Libeskind with Arup, 2001; and Zaha Hadid, 2000. Each Pavilion is sited on the Gallery’s lawn for three months and the immediacy of the process - a maximum of six months from invitation to completion - provides a peerless model for commissioning architecture.

This year the project management of the Pavilion is being provided for the Serpentine Gallery by Jonathan Harper, Joanna Streeten and Tim Morse at Savant.

Serpentine Gallery Park Nights

Park Nights is a programme of events that runs between July and October 2008 in and around the Serpentine Gallery Pavilion designed by Frank Gehry. Park Nights includes Friday and Saturday night talks, performances and music, plus film screenings both in the Pavilion and on a 50-foot open-air screen. The programme culminates in October with the Manifesto Marathon, the latest in the Gallery’s acclaimed series of marathon events, conceived by Hans Ulrich Obrist, Serpentine Gallery Co-Director of Exhibitions and Programmes and Director of International Projects.

Archipedia

Tunnel-Shape Market Hall

Making an O-gui (tortoise) pond.

Architecture Students don really appreciate their uni life!

The Past In the Present

Urban Kampong

Lighting Report

Acoustic Report

Epic Green Center for Disease Control by Studio Shift

Co-Op Canyon Ecotopia : Anasazi Cliff Dwellings

Madrid Distrito C Self Shading Solar Office

Gordon Graff Skyfarm

Urban Design for Tourism City

Refreshing an old work I - The 80 Cube, Chaos Vs Variety

Cybertecture Egg Mumbai India

Water Tower Student Housing Denmark

Super Sustainable City Gothenburg, Sweden

Torrer Agbar

Marina Bay Singapore

Twin Faceted Skyscrapers Paris

Giant Eco-Egg Hotel

San Alfonso del Mar in Algarrobo

This is how an architect re-charge his juice!!

Slidding House

Headquater of China Insurance Group

Mushroom Cities: Tropical Urban Rainforests

London New Buses - Aston Martin + Norman Foster

Michel Rojkind

Ernstings warehouse by calatrava

Revolving Door Generating Power

Aon (Amoco) Center, Chicago

Casa Mila, The Quarry

Casa Balto

Sagrada Famillia, (Church of the Holy Family)

Barcelona Cathedral (La Seu)

Regionalism- mature version of International Style

Organic Machine- Tree House

Maritime Youth House

Montenegro Residences by BIG

Leaf Chapel by Klein Dytham Architects

11 OCT DINNER

The Unbuilt Guggenheim, Manhanttan

Tor Vergata University (Roma II) by Santiago Calatrava

Digital Beijing by Studio Pei Zhu Urbanus

Shang Hai Ren Building By Bjarke Ingels

Serpentine Gallery Pavilion by Frank Gehry

Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2008Designed by Frank Gehry20 July – 19 October

Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2008
Designed by Frank Gehry
20 July – 19 October